im- 


i^m>- 


2331  ,-^ 


y'i 


■^>^ 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORN 
AT    LOS  ANGE 


FORNIA  I 
LES 


Gift   of 
Mrs.   Viola  F.   (rood 


PROSODY 


EMMANUEIi    AliVAREZ, 


TRANBIATED  INTO  BHOIISH. 


By  V.  H.  BARBER. 


Edidi  quae  poiui,  noti  ut  volut,  sed  ut  me  Urn" 
poris  angustias  cogerunt. — Cic. 


FREDERICK,  MD. 

PRINTID  FOR  THE  AUTHOR  BY  NEILSON  FOB. 

1833 


03^  Entered,  according'  to  act  of  Congress, 
in  tiie  year  1832,  by  V.  H.  Barbeh,  in  the 
Clerk's"  Office  of  the  Dlstricl  Court  of  Mary- 
land. 


PROSODY, 

Or  the  Measure  of  Syllables. 


*  Prosody  is  the  art  of  rightly  pronouncing 
^    words,  according-  to  the  accent  and  quantity 

of  their  syllables;  and  is  so  named  from  the 

*  Greek  words  vrp;  and  u^-^. 

.        A  Syllable  consists  of  one  letter  only,  or  of 
iw    several  letters  taken  together:  as,  /,  e-runt. 
\        Letters  are  divided  into  vowels  and  conso- 
le   nants.  V 

*  There  are  six  vowels— A,  E,  T,  O,  U,  Y— 
^    and,  by  a  certain   union  of  these,   there  are 

»*    formed,  six  diphthongs:  JE,  AU,  EI,  EU,  OE, 

1^    YI — as  prsemium,  aurum^  hei,  Europa,  poena, 

1^    Harpy  ia. 

\^       The  consonants  are  divided  into  mutes  and 

^   semivowels. 

**       There  are  eight  mutes— B,  C,  D,  G,  K,  P, 

,i   Q,  T. 

,5       There  are  likewise  eight  semivowels — F, 

g  L,  M,  N,  R,  S,  X,  Z. 

't\       four  of  the  semivowels  are  called  liquids — 

as,  L,  M,  N,  R.     F,  placed  before  the  liquids 
VV^L  and  R,  becomes  a  mute. 
'\^    X  and  Z  are  double  letters;  x  being  equal 
.      to  cs,  and  z  to  ds. 

^V       It  is  a  subject  of  controversy  whether  H  is 
'^^,  letter,  or  merely  a  sign  of  aspiration, 
^i      I,  placed  between  two  vowels,  is  a  conso- 
>*nant,  and  has  the  force  of  double  I:  as  majm; 

pejor.     The  ancients  doubled  the  I:  ^s  maijor, 

aijo,  niaija. 


40091(1 


'i  0>-  THE  MtAbUllE  Of  SYLLABLES. 

J  and  V,  when  placed  before  vowels,  and 
affect  them,  become  consonants;  as  JanuUf 
jecur,  coujicio,  Jocus,  judex,  rates,  velox,  vita, 
vox,  vultus. 

The  Greek  lota  is  never  a  consonant:  thus, 
in  lason.  Iambus,  laspis,  and  others,  which  are 
plainly  Greek  words,  the  first  letter  is  a  vowel. 

The  Hebrew  Jod  is  always  a  consonant, 
when  it  is  followed  by  a  vowel:  as  JESUS, 
JohajDies,  Jacobus,-  and,  therefore,  they  who  ut- 
ter these  names,  and  others  of  the  same  kind,  by 
J,  as  a  consonant,  pronounce  best;  while  they 
w  ho  sound  J  as  a  vowel,  imitate  the  Greeks. 

U  after  Q  always  becomes  liquid:  as  Lin- 
gua, concoquo;  but,  after  G  and  S,  sometimes 
liquid:  as  Lingua,  anguis,  suadeo,  suavis;  at 
others  not,  but  retains  its  force:  as  Ljfiguus, 
suus. 

Letters  are  liquid  when  they  lose  the  pow- 
er and  force  of  a  vowel  or  consonant. 


Svllablss  are   partly  short,  partly  long, 
and  partly  common. 

Syllables,  which  are  measured  by  leng"th  of, 
time,  are  either  short,  or  long-,  or  common. — 
Time  is  the  space  and  interval  in  which  a  syl- 
lable is  pi-onounced.  A  short  syllable  consists, 
of  a  single  time  and  duration:  as  concldo/  a 
lon^  one  of  two  times  and  durations:  as  co7ici- 
do.  A  common  syllable  is  that  which,  in  verse,*  », 
can  be  as  well  sliort  as  long:  such  as  the  first*,^ 
in  dllas,  Cyclops,  and  the  middle  one  in  Te/ri- 
bnv,  pharctra.  « 

There  is  no  vowel  in  Latin  that  is  always 
short,  or  always  long.  Among  the  Greeks  i 
and  :,  which  correspond  to  e  and  6  short,  are 


ox  THE    MEASUHE  OF  SYLtABIES.  O 

always  short;  «  and  a,  which  are  e  and  6  long-, 
are  always  long",  as  in  the  middle  syllables  of 
the  words  Eremus,  Iddlum. 


Universal  Rules  for  the  long 
and  sliort  Syllables. 

PIKST,   or  ONE  VOWEL  BEFORE  AKOTHER. 

First  of  two  vowels  brief  is  fixed; 
Though  Fio  gives,  witli  R  unmixed, 
/long-;  so  fifth  declension  needs 
Extended  E  where  /succeeds: 
Still  E  contract  before  the  /, 
In  Eei,  spti,  Jidti. 
/poets  vary  in  lus, 
Though  short  found  in  Altertus^ 
Long-  in  Alius:  then  Pompeii 
So  also  Cat  and  Vultei, 
With  such  like  vocatives  we  rate. 
As  words  of  long-  penultimate. 
Eheii  is  long,  but  vaguely  speak 
Ohr,  16,  and  nouns  in  Greek, 
WJiere  some,  asDia  long*,  protract. 
Others,  as  Idea,  contract. 

In  Latin,  one  vowel  before  another  is  short: 
as  Piter, fifit,  ruit. 

Virg-.  Disce  puer  virtutem  ex  me  veriimque 
labor  em. 

Exception  I.  Fio  has  /long",  unless  R  fol- 
lows: a.s  F%eham,fiam. 

Juv.  Fianf  ista  palam  cupient  et  in  acta  re- 
ferri.  But,  if  ^  follows,  it  is  short:  as/terem, 
fieri,  confleri. 

Virg-.     Conjieri  possit,  paucis  advcrte  doeeho. 


O  OS  THE    MEASUHB    OF  SYLLABLES. 

Exception  II.  The  g-enitive  and  dative  ca' 
ses  of  the  fifth  declension,  make  E  long  be- 
fore I:  as  DiEi,  speciEi;  except  Rei,  spSi,  Jidei- 

Horat.  Ventum  erat  ad  Pestoe  quarta  jam 
parte  diei. 

ExcEPTiox  in.  The  g-enitive  in  lUS  has  / 
long-  in  prose;  in  verse  as  well  short  as  long: 
as  Unius,  illius;  except  Alferius,  which  al- 
ways has  J  short;  but  dlius  long. 

Virg.    Unius  ob  noxam  eff arias  Jjacis  Oilei. 

Horat.  Nullius  addidusjurare  in  verba  ma- 
gisfri. 

Virg.  Quam  nostra  iUixis  labatur  pectore  vul- 
ius. 

Exception  IY.  Cdi,  Pompei,  Viilisi,  and 
such  vocative  cases,  have  the  penultimate  long. 

Mart.   Quod  peto,  da  Cai,  non  peto  consilium. 

Ov.  Accipe  Pompei,  deductum  Carmen  ab  ilia. 

The  interjections  Ohe  and  lo  have  the  first 
syllable  common. 

Mart.  Ohe  jam  satis,  est  ohe  libelle! 

Sil.  Quaque  ferebatur  ductor  Sidojiius  75 
Conclamant. 

Mart.  Rursus  Id  magnos  clamat  tibi  Roma 
triumphos. 

Id  the  daughter  of  Inachus,  though  it  more 
frequently  lengthens  one  vowel  before  the  o- 
ther,  still  has  it  shortened  in  Ovid  in  Epist. 
Hyp.  to  Lin. 

QucE  iibi  causa fiigce  est?  Quid,  Id  frela  longa 
perenas. 

Appendix  I.  ^lany  Greek  words  have  one 
vowel  long  before  another:  as  Sir,  Achaia, 
Archelous,  Agla,  a  gangway  in  a  vessel,  Aon- 
ides,  ChorEa,  Clio,  Cytharea,  Darius,  Elegia, 
Erti/o,  that  is,  Bellona;  Laertes,  &  compounds 


Oy    THE  MKASURE  OF  STLI.ABI.ES.  7 

of  >.u.or,  Latous,  Oreades,  mountain  nymphs; 
Panchala,  Platea,  Pereas,  the  name  of  a  ser- 
pent; Thiecius,  Taygetus,  a  mountain,  and 
Taygete^  the  daughter  of  Agenor,  Trdias, 
Tro'ius. 

Chorea,  Platea,  Malea,  Nereis,  Dedalous, 
Graphiitm,  Diana,  are  sometimes  made  short 
by  the  poets. 

Virg.  Pars  pedibus  plaudunt  chorSas,  et  car- 
mina  dicunt. 

Hor.  Purse  sunt  platSse  nihil  ut  meditanti- 
bus  obstet. 

Ovid.  Quid  digitis  opus  est  graphium  lassa- 
re  tenendo? 

Papin.  Accipit  extempio  Malese  de  voile  re- 
surgens  Notum  iter  ad  Thehas. 

Claud.  Lascivas  dodum  fallere  NerHdas. 

Virg.  Constiterunt  sylva  alta  Jovis  lucusve 
Dianse. 

Eos  and  Eous  being  sometimes  written  in 
Greek  with  an  i,  sometimes  with  an  «,  can 
be  made  long  or  short. 

Prop.  Sive  illam  Hesp^rlis,  sive  illam  osten- 
dai  Eois  uret  et  Eoos,  ur:f  et  Hesperios. 

Words  written  in  Greek  with  the  diphthong 
sj,  have  it  uttered  by  us  sometimes  as  /  long: 
as  Alexandria,  Antiochia,  Bravium,  Idalium, 
Thalia,  Xenodochiiim,  Sec.,  at  others  it  is  turn- 
ed into  £  long:  a.s  .EnSas,  gyiiaeceum  odSum, 
canopeum,  platea,  &c. 

Sometimes,  on  solving  the  diphthong,  s  is 
changed  into  »,  which  has  the  power  of  E 
long:  as  Cytherea,  Cythereia,  Elegia,  Elegeia. 

Ovid.  Exigit  indicii  memorem  Cythereia 
jjxnam. 

Ovid.  Flebilis  indignos  Elegeia  solve  capillos. 


8  Oy  THE  MEASrilE  OF    STLLABLES. 

Appexdix  II.  Idea,  Andreas,  philisophia, 
symphonia,  efi/mologia,  orthographia,  and  ma- 
ny others,  shorten  one  vowel  before  another; 
though  many  persons  (after  the  manner  of  the 
Greeks)  pronounce  these  words  with  a  stress 
on  the  penultimate. 

Horat.  Ui  gratas  inter  mensas,  symphonla 
discors. 

Although  the  Greek  accusatives  in  EA  from 
EUS,  are  commonly  pronounced  short,  yet, 
in  Virgil  you  will  find  them  long  in  Idome- 
nea  and  Ilionea. 

=si®14?l®ic=^- 

Second  Rule. 

CI  DIPHTHONGS. 

The  diphthong  forms  its  numerous  throng 
In  Greek  and  Latin  always  long: 
Though /)ra?,  with  vowel  next  suppose. 
In  compound  words,  brief  measure  shows. 

A  diphthong  is  long  both  in  Greek  &.  Latin 
words:  as  »35^?2i?o-s,  3IeIib(Bus,prsemium,laus. 

Virg.  Miratur  molem,  JEneas  magalia  quon- 
dam. 

Virg.   0  Melibae,  Deus  nobis  hsec  otia  fecit. 

ExcEPTioir.  The  preposition  prse,  taken 
as  a  compound,  is  short  when  it  precedes  a 
vowel:  as  Prssustus,  prseeo,  prseacutus. 

Virg.  iStifilibus  duris  agitur  sudibusve  prcEHi- 
tis. 

Statius,  however.  Lib.  6.  Thebaid.  says, 
Prctmia  cum  vacuus  domino  prairel  Avion. 


ON  THE  MEASURE  OF  SYLLABLES.      V 

Third  Rule. 

OF  POSITION. 

Extend  the  vowel  that  you  find 
Before  two  consonants  consigned, 
Or  double  one,  or  /disclosed 
Between  two  vowels  inteiposed. 

A  vowel  before  two  consonants,  or  a  dou- 
ble consonant,  or  before  /when  another  vow- 
el follows  in  the  same  word,  is  long  by  posi- 
tion :  as  Terra,  Ardxes,  gaza,  inajora,  Troja. 

Luc.  Sxib  juga  jam  Seres,  jam  barbarus  issel 
Ai  axes. 

Virg.  Sacra  suosque  tibi  commendat  Troja  f  e- 
nates. 

Virg.  Sicelides  Musa,  paulo  major  a  canamus. 

Exception  I.  Bijugus,  quadrijugus,  and 
others  compounded  of  j'ligus,  shorten  the 
vowel  before  /. 

Virg.  Interea  b^vgis  infert  se  Leucagvs  albis. 

Virg.  Centum  quadrlJKgos,  agilabo  ad  flumina 
ctirrus. 

Appendix  I.  If  one  consonant  were  at  the 
end  of  the  preceding  word,  and  another  in  the 
beginning  of  the  following  word,  the  vowel 
would  still  be  long:  as  At  pius.  Here  A  is 
long  by  the  position  of  the  two  consonants  T 
and  P,  though  they  are  in  different  words. 

Virg.  At  pius  Apneas  per  noclemplurima  volvens. 

Appendix  II.  If  both  consonants,  or  a  dou- 
ble consonant,  should  be  in  the  beginning  of 
the  following  word,  the  preceding  short  vow- 
it\  is  seldom  assisted  thereby. 

Ovid.  In  solio  Plu(bus  clarislucentt  smaragdis. 
Al 


10  OS    THE    MIASUHK  OF  STLIABIJES. 

Virg.  Jam  medio  apparet  fluclu  nemorosd  Za- 
cyntkos. 

Luc.  Tales  Jama  canit  tumidum  super  cequord 
Xerxem. 

Lucente,  nemorosa  and  sequora,  have  the 
last  syllable  short,  notwithstanding  the  two 
consonants,  or  the  double  consonant  in  the 
beginning"  of  the  words  that  follow. 

Exception  II.     Of  the  LiauiDS. 
Before  a  mute  and  liquid  twain, 
Short  vowels  orators  retain: 
But  poets  vary  such  at  will, 
Tho'  vowels  long  remain  so  still. 
Those  not  by  nature  long  or  short, 
Are  deemed  an  ambidextrous  sort. 

A  short  vowel  before  a  mute  and  liquid  in 
the  same  word,  is  common  in  verse,  but  in 
prose  it  is  always  short:  as  Fblucris,  Cyclops. 

Ovid.  Et  primo  similis  volucri,  incx  vera  vo- 
lucris. 

Virg.  Ignarique  vice,  Cyclopum  allahimur  oris. 

Virg.  Vedosque  ab  rupe  Cyclopas. 

Appexdix  I.  It  is  necessary  that  the  mute 
should  precede,  and  the  liquid  follow  it,  oth- 
erwise the  syllable  does  not  become  liquid: 
as  patris;  and,  also,  that  the  vowel  should  be 
by  nature  short — for  a  vowel,  by  nature  long, 
never  becomes  liquid:  sls  matris.  But  a  short 
syllable  is  often  known  from  the  quantity  of 
the  nominative  :  as  Calabe?-,  Cantaber,  Fater, 
which  have  a  short  by  nature,  as  the  accent 
shews,  or  the  examples  of  the  poets:  where- 
fore, in  Calabro,  Cantabro,  Fatre,  the  a,  by  na- 
ture short,  becomes  liquid.  But  Saluber,a{er, 
■/(ilir^  lengthen  the  penultimate,  M'hich,  there- 


t)K    THE   HZASUR£  OF  IlLLXBLEI.  11 

fore,  is  never  shortened  in  salubre,  matre,  a- 
irum.  Where  this  rule  is  not  of  service,  the 
accent  will  be  useful,  or  the  example  of  the 
poets — for,  such  as  are  shortened  by  accent, 
are  short  by  nature:  as  Tenthrse,  latSbr3e,pha- 
rStra,  certbrum,-  such  as  are  long-,  are  long-  by 
nature:  s.s ambulacrum,  delubrum,ventilabrumy 
volutabrum.  So,  such  as  are  discovered  short 
among  the  poets,  are,  by  nature,  short:  as 
Mrox. 

Appendix  II.  It  is  also  necessary  that  the 
mute,  as  well  as  the  liquid,  should  have  a  view 
to  the  following  vowel.  Wherefore,  Abluo, 
vbruo  sublevo,  adnitor,  and  other  words  com- 
pounded with  these  prepositions,  never  short- 
en the  first  syllable,  because  the  mute  apper- 
tains to  the  preceding  vowel.  Yet  the  com- 
pounds of  BE,  as  Rcfledo,  refrseno,  refringo; 
recludo,  reprimo,  more  frequently  shorten  thaa 
lengthen  the  first  syllable,  though  the  mute  is 
referred  to  the  following  vowel. 

Appendix  III.  il/ and  iV rarely  become  li- 
quid, and  that  only  in  Greek  words,  as  Tec- 
messa,  cygnxiSy  Terapnae,  Ichneumon. 

Sil.     Ecce  inltr  -primos   Terapnao    sanguine 
Clansi. 
Mart.    Deleclat  Mariam  si  perniciosus  Ichneu- 


12  ON    THE   MEASUHE  OF  STUABLES. 

Fourth  Rule. 

OF   PRETEHITES,  OR  PERFECT    TEXSES,  CONSIST- 
ING OF  TWO  STllABLES. 

Each  dissyllabic  perfect  tense 
Must  with  long-  syllable  comiTience. 
Short  steti,  dedi,  bibi,  scidi, 
"With  tiilii  and  from  jindo/jidi. 

Perfect  or  preterite  tenses  of  two  syllables, 
have  the  first  long:  as  veni,  vidi,  vici. 

Virg.  Venit  suvnna  dies,  et  inehictabile  tempus. 
Virg.  Quos  ubi  confertos  audere  in  prcelia  vidi. 
Virg.   Contra  ego  vivendo  vlci  meafata  superstes. 

Exception  I.     Sfeii,  dedi,  ecidi,  tidi,  bibi, 
fidi,  from  Jingo,  shorten  the  first  syllable. 
Mart,  Dixit  et  ardentes  avido  bibit  orefavillas. 
Luc.  ^iut  scidit  et  medias  fecit  sibi  litera  terras. 
Vir.  Diffidit,  et  mulia porrectum  extendit  arena. 

Appendix.  The  compound  abscidi,  when 
derived  from  casdo,  lengthens  the  middle  syl- 
lable; when  from  scbido,  shortens  it. 

Luc.  Abscidit  impulsuventorum  adjuta  vetustas. 

Luc.  Mscidit  nostrce  mullurn  sors  invida  laudi. 

Mart.  Mscidit  vultus  ensU  uterqiie  sacros. 


ON    THE    MEASURE  OF  SYLLABLES.  13 

Fifth  Rule. 

OF  PRETERITES  REDUPLICATING  THE  FIRST 
SYLLABLE. 

"When  preterites  reduplicate 
Their  leading"  syllable,  they  rate 
In  each  of  them  short  quantity, 
As  par io  makes  pSperi; 
k         But  still  the  rule  we  supersede 

When  twofold  consonants  succeed. 
Yet  long-  from  ca^do  is  cecidi, 
To  which,  fvompedo,  a.dd pepedi. 

When  the  first  syllable  of  the  preterite  is 
doubled,  that  and  the  second  are  short:  as 
cecini,  tetigi. 

Virg.   Tiiyre,  te  palulcs  cecini  sub  tegminefagi. 

Exception.  These  are  excepted,  csecidi 
from  csedo,  pepedi  from  pedo,  in  which  the  se- 
cond syllable  is  long-;  as  also  in  others  in  which 
two  consonants  follow:  as  citcurri,  iSiendi. 

Juv.  Ebriiis  ac  petulanSf  qui  nullum  forle  ce- 
•idit. 

8ixtli  Rule. 

OF  SUPINES  OF  TWO  SYLLABLES. 

Supines  of  dissyllabic  throng 

Their  leading-  syllable  prolong. 

But  those  from  Beo)-  formed,  and  eo, 

Cieo,  sera,  sino,  quco, 

Do,  lino,  all  from  nw  made, 

Ar^^  with  brief  quantity  displayed. 


14  0^    THE    >IEASUKE  OF  STLtABlES. 

Supines  of  two  syllables  have  the  first  long; 
as  Visum,  mutum. 

Virg.  Terribiles  visiiformce;  Lellnanque,  Labor- 
que. 

Virg.  Quos  ego:  sed  niolos  prastat  componere 
Jliictus. 

ExcEPTiox.  From  reor  rdfum,  from  sero 
satum,  from  do  datum,  from  cieo  citum,  from 
Imo  htum,  from  eo  Itiun,  from  ruo  rutum,  from 
queo  qWitum,  and  from  sino  sVum,  being  su- 
pines of  two  syllables,  shorten  the  first. 

Virg.  Aos  ahiisse  rati,  et  vento peliisse Myscsnas. 
Virg.  dt  non  ille,  sdtum  quo  le  mentiris  Achil-' 

les. 

Val.  Fiac.   Vulnus  et  extrema  somdt  cita  cus- 

pide  cassis- 
Ovid.  Hie  situs  est  Pha'ethon  currus  auriga  pa- 

terni. 

AppEynix  I.  Citum  from  cieo,  of  the  se- 
cond conjugation,  has  the  first  syllable  short: 
whence  concltus^  excitus,  with  a  short  penul- 
timate. 

Virg.  AUior  insurgens,  et  cursn  concitus  He- 
ros. 

Ovid.  A'ec  fruitur  s.runo  vigilantibiis  exclta 
etuis. 

But  Citum  from  do,  of  the  fourth  conjuga- 
tion, lengthens  the  first  syllable:  whence  con- 
cltiLS,  excitus,  with  the  penultimate  long. 

Iaic.   Unde  ruunt  tolo  coiicUa  perieulu  mundo. 

I.uc.  Rvpta  quies  popu'is  &tialiique  excfta  ju- 
re,itus. 

Ai'fEXDix  II.  Euo  now  makes  ruiium  for 
\\\<^  supine;  in  ancient  time.s  it  made  rftfumy 


ON    THE    JIBJiSUBB  01  STlLjiBlM.  15 

whence  we  have  now  the  compounds  c??>ii<M/7»' 
€rutum,  obrutum. 

Ovid.  Diruta  sunt  aliis,  uni  mihi  Pcrgama 
reslant. 

Virg.  JWc  mihi  cum  Teucris  ullum  post  eruta 
bellum. 

Appendix  III.  Statum  seems  to  have  the 
first  syllable  common;  whence  status,  us,  and 
status,  a,  um,  begin  with  the  first  short:  and  the 
compounds  which  are  sounded  with  an  /, 
shorten  it:  as  praestitum. 

Ovid.  Hie  status  in  ccelo  multos  jpermansit  in 
annos. 

Ovid.  Musa  quid  afactis,non  statu  sacra  petis? 

Thence  also,  staturus,  constaturusy  ohstatU' 
rus,  &those  which  are  formed  with  a,  length- 
en it. 

Lnc.    Tunc  res  immenso  placuit  stUtura  labore. 

Mart.  Conslaticra  fuit  J\Iegalensis  purpura 
centum. 

Slat.  Q,uce  sic  orsa  prior,  spesne  obstatura  Pe- 
lassis. 


16  ON    THE    MIASITRE  OF  SYLLABLES. 

Seventh  Rule. 

01  SUPIKES  OF  THHEE  OR  XORE  STLLABLIS. 

Polysyllabic  supines  give 
Long  Vhim,  their  prerogative. 
From  Ivi,  preterite,  extend 
The  supines  that  mltuni  end: 
All  others  that  thus  terminate 
"With  lessened  quantity  abate. 

Polysyllabic  supines  in  TUM  with  Z7 going 
before,  have  the  penultimate  long;  as,  Solii- 
turn,  argutiim,  indutiim  &c. 

Virg.  Lumina  rara  micant  sonvio  vinoque  so' 
luti. 

Likewise  in  ITU31,  from  the  preterites  in 
IVI;  as,  Cupivi,  cupVum;  petivi,  petltum,- 
and  conditum  from  condio. 

Ovid.  Exilium  reqiiiesque  mihi,  nonfamapeti- 
ta  est. 

Appendix.  Supines  in  ITUM,  from  pre- 
terites of  two  syllables  in  wj  by  means  of  the 
vowel  It,  and  other  supines  in  ITUM,  have 
the  penultimate  short;  as,  Monui,  moiiltum,' 
iacui,  taciturn/  credttum. 

Virg.    Discite  justitiam  monUi,  et  non  temnere 

Idem.  Quis  te,  viagne  Cato,  tacllum  ant  te, 
C0BS$,  relinqual? 


OJf    THE    MBASUBE  OF  STLLABLIS.  17 

Ei§^htli  Rule. 

OF  DERIVATIVES. 

Close  follows  each  derivative 

The  nature  of  its  primative: 

Yet  Fames,  sedes,  mohilis, 

Laterna,  regula,  possess 

A  leading  syllable  that's  long", 

Though  brief  the  stock  from  whence  they 

sprung. 
Reverse  of  which,  from  long  made  short, 
Are   Vddum,  sopor,  and  like  sort, 
Arista,  with  lucerna  joined, 
And  others  you  from  practice  find. 

Derivatives  follow  the  nature  of  those  words 
from  which  they  are  derived;  as,  Legeham, 
ISge,  ISgito,  with  the  first  syllable  short,  be- 
cause they  are  formed  from  the  present,  lego, 
legis,  the  first  syllable  of  which  is  also  short. 

Legeram,  legissem,  tegero,  with  the  first  syl- 
lable long,  because  they  are  from  the  preter- 
ite legi,  the  first  syllable  of  which  is  long. 

Aratrum,  simulacrum,  ambulacrum,  lavac- 
rum,  volutabrum,  involua-um,  with  the  penult- 
imate long,  because  derived  from  the  supines 
aratrum,  simulacrum,  ambuldtum,  lavdtum, 
volutdtum,  mvoliitum,  the  penultimate  of 
which  words  is   likewise  long. 

Reditm,  exltus,  iniroltus,  aditus,  iniius,  with 
the  penultimate  short,  because  the  supines 
from  which  they  are  made,  have  the  same  short 

Exception.  Many  which  do  not  follow  the 
nature  of  their  original,  must  be  learned  by  use 
and  an  assiduous  reading  of  the  Poets.       Of 


18  OSr    THE    MEASURE  OF  STILABLES. 

which  sort  are,  Fomes,  mobilis,  latema,  regxi- 
la,  sedes;  which  have  the  first  syllable  long, 
thoug-h  the  verbs,  Foveo,  moveo,  lateo,  rego,  se- 
deo,  from  which  they  come,  make  the  same 
short.  So,  Litera  from  hno,  tegula  from  tego, 
maeero  from  macer,  lex  legis  from  lego,  regina 
from  rego,  secix^s  from  seats,  vox  vocis,  vocalis, 
&  vociferor,  from  voco;  Jiximor  &  humanus  from 
humus,  nonus  from  novem,  stipendium  from  sti- 
pe. 

On  the  contrary,  lucerna,  arista,  sopor,  vd- 
dum,  shorten  the  first  syllable,  tho'  tlie  verbs 
Litceo,  areo,  sopio,  vado,  from  which  they  are 
derived  lengthen  the  same.  So,  Curulls  from 
curro,  vitium  from  vito,  fragor  &  fragilis  from 
frango,  odium  from  odi,  bubulcus  from  buhus. 

]\iiith  Rule. 

or  COMPOUNDS. 

Laws  that  to  simples  appertain. 

Each  compound  from  them  must  retain; 

And  this,  though  syllables,  some  few, 

Their  vowels  change  and  diphthongs  too. 

But  Innuba,  and  dejSro, 

With  pronuba,  a.nd  pejtro. 

Contracted  give,  with  agnltuSf 

Subjoining  also  cognitus, 

Semisopitus,  nihilum, 

And  kindred  of  fatidicum. 

But  imbecillus  loves  the  song 

That  makes  it  and  ambitus  long. 

Compounds  follow  the  short  or  long  quan- 
tity of  their  simples. 


ox  THE  MEASUHE  01"  STIIABLES.  19 

Inperltgo,  reltgo,  E  before  G  is  short,  be- 
cause in  the  simple  lego  also  is  made  short.  In 
the  preterite  joer/e^i,  relSgi,  it  is  leng-thened; 
because  in  the  simple  legi  it  is  likewise  long. 

Mtigi,  contidi,  diffidi,  ehthi,  rescldi,  have  / 
short,  because  in  the  simple  the  same  vowel  is 
shortened.      Tetigi,  ceCidi  from  cado  &c. 

Oblltum,  innttum,  circumdatum,  desitum, 
have  the  penultimate  short  for  the  same  cause; 
for  from  htum  is  formed  ohlitum. 

The  quantity  of  simples  is  preserved  in  com- 
pounds, although  the  vowels  should  be  chang- 
ed. Thus  concidi),  excido,  inctdo,  occldo,  recido, 
from  cado,  shorten  the  penultimate;  Eligo, 
seligo  from  lego.  On  the  contrary,  Concido,  ex- 
dido,  inctdo,  recido,  occido,  from  ccedo,  length- 
en it.  Thus,  All'xdo  from  Icedo;  Exquiro,  re- 
quiro,  from  quoero;  obedio,  obedis,  from  audio. 

Virg.   Occidit,  occideritque]  sinas  cum  nomine 
Troja. 
Juv.   Occldit  miser  OS  crambe  repelita  magistros. 

These  following  derived  from  simples  that 
are  long,  are  made  short. 

DejSro,  pejero,  fvomjuro,-  pronuba,  innuba, 
from  nubo;  Maledtcus,  causidicus,  veridicus, 
fatidtcus  from  dico;  semisopitus,  from  sopitus; 
Nihihnn,  from  ni  &  h  Hum;  C ognttum  U  agni- 
turn  from  notum. 

Imbecillus  from  baculus,  has  the  same  sylla- 
ble long. 

Ambitus  proceeds  according  to  Priscianus 
from  the  supine  lengthened,  according  to 
others  shortened. 

Connubium  from  nubo  has  the  second  sylla- 
ble common. 


20  ON  THE   HEASURE  Ot  »TI.LABLES. 

Virg.  Hectoris  .Andromache,  Pyrrhbi'  conixuhia 
servas? 

Idem.  ConnuUo  jungani  stabili  propriamq;  di- 
cabo. 

Tenth  Rule. 

OP  COMPOCXDS  OF  THE  PREPOSITIONS. 

^,  E  are  long,  with  Z)J  and  BE, 

And  equally  extended  SE; 

But  still  brief  measure  we  bestow 

On  both  Di^ertus,  Dirimn. 

Likewise  observe,  RE  short  is  found, 

Though  Res  in  ^e/er/ swells  the  sound. 

Next  glide  swift  o'er  the  Grecian  Pi? 0, 

But  utter  that  of  Romans  slow. 

Prefixed  to  Fundus,  Fugio, 

To  Neptis,  Nepos,  Festus  too. 

To  Fanum,  Fori,  Fateor, 

Pro  must  short  measurement  incur. 

Like  sample  in  Profecio  view, 

Proeella  and  Prota-viis  too,- 

Propago,  race,  with  these  combine. 

Rut  render  long /)royjcro-o,  vine. 

Propino,  so  propago  when 

A  verb,  likewise />rq/imc?o,  then 

Propnlso  and  procxirro,  mind, 

Proserpina,  propello  joined, 

A  fluctuating  race  propose. 

Of  versatile,  inconstant  y>ro.9. 

But  such  as  AB  pronounce  with  speed. 

Unless  a  consonant  succeed. 

A,  E,  DE,  DI,  SE,  are  long:  as  Amitio, 
Trnmpo,  deduco,  diripio,  separo. 


ON  TUE  MEASUKE  OF  SYLLABLES.     ^1 

Virg.  ^missos  longo  socios  sermone  requirunt. 
Virg.  Deducunt  socii  naves,  et  litlora  complent. 
Virg.  Tergora  diripiunt  cosUs  et  viscera  nudant. 

Exception.     Dirtmo  &  dlsertus  shorten  di. 

Virg.   Cede  Deo  dixitque  et  jn'czlia  voce  dtremit. 

Mart.  JVoji  tu,  Pomponi,  ccena  diserta  lua  est. 

Rgfert,  from  refero,  is  shortened;  but  when 
it  signifies  *'it  is  the  interest,"  it  is  lengthened. 

Virg.  JsTeque  enim  numero  compren- 

dere  refert. 

The  preposition  pro  is  short  in  Greek:  as 
Propontis — but  long-  in  Latin:  as  Proveho. 
Ov.  Mlsit  in  has  si  quas  longa  Propontis  aquas. 
Virg.  Provehiimir  portu,  terrccq;  urbesq;  rece- 

dU7lt. 

Exception.  The  following  are  shortened: 
Profundus,  profugus,  pronepos  and  proneptis, 
profestus,  profari,  projiteor,  profanus,  profecto, 
procella,  protervus,  propages,  ^nd  propago,  when 
it  signifies  a  race — for,  when  it  relates  to  vines, 
it  is  long. 

Luc.   Qiiam prior affatur Pompeiignavapropago 

Virg.  pressa  propaginis  arcus. 

Projiciscor  and  propero  do  not  appertain  to 
this  class,  since  they  seem  to  be  simples. 

Propmo,  propago  a  verb,  propxdso,  procurro, 
propello  and  Proserpina,  have  the  first  syllable 
common;  profunda  rarely  lengthens  it. 

The  prepositions  JlB,  as  abeo;  AD,  as  dde.ro, 
adoro;  Ante,  as  antefero;   Circum,  as  circuma- 

fo;  In,  Inuro;   Ob^  as  bheo;    Per,  as  pSrimo; 
kib,  as  siibeo;  Super,  as  superaddo;  are  short. 

Virg.  Omnibus  umbra  locis  ddero  dabis  impro- 
be  pcenas. 


22  ox  THE  MEASCBE  OF  STLLABLES. 

Virg.  Junonis  magnce  primiim  prece  nnmen 
ddora. 

Jut.   Circumagat  madidas  a  tempestate  cohortes- 

Sometimes,  when  a  consonant  follows,  the 
consonant  of  the  preposition  is  dropped,  but 
the  quantity  is  preserved.  Hence,  dperio,  omit- 
to  and  operio,  shorten  the  first  syllable. 

Ovid,  ^iprilem  memorant  ab  dperio  tempore 
dictum. 

Hor.  Quod  petiit,  spernit;  repetil  quod  niiper 
6mml. 

Prop,  ^ilq;  hinnulipellistotos  bperibit  amantes. 


Eleventh  Rule. 

OF  A,  E,  I,  Y,  &  0,  IN  COMPOUNDS. 

A,  in  the  part  anterior  found 

Of  compound  words,  prolongs  the  sound; 

But  E  to  aid  poetic  sport. 

With  1  is  mostly  rendered  short. 

Nequam,  niquis  and  kindred  set, 

Venejica,  videlicet, 

Nequando  and  nequaquam  join, 

Nequidquam;  idem  masculine, 

Siquls,  ibidem-,  and  quadrigae, 

Tibicen,  scilicet,  and  blgae, 

Ublque,  blrnus,  and  tantldem. 

Compounds  of  dies,  lastly  qiCidam, 

To  ttiese  a  wide,  extended  train. 

Rules  of  long-  measurement  pertain. 

If  the  first  part  of  the  compound  terminates 
in  the  vowel  A,  it  is  made  long:  as  trdno,  trd- 
duco,  trade — but  if  in  E,  it  is  generally  short: 


OS  THE  MEASURE  OF    BILLABLES.  2S 

as  Liqutfacio,    iremSfaciOy   stupSfacio,    ngfast 
trScenti. 

■  Rarefacio,  patefacio,  rarejio,  are  also  long  at 
times;  as  is  liquefacio  in  Ovid,  book  9.  Metam. 
Fab.  2.,  and  iepefacio  in  Catullus. 

Virg.  Flammarumque ;  globos  liq^-Sfadaque 
volvere  saxa. 

Virg.  atro  tepefada  cniore. 

Juv.  Credebant  hoc  grande  nSfas  et  mortepian' 
dum. 

Exception.  Except  Nequis,  nSqua,  ne- 
quod,  nequanif  nequitia,  neqiiaqxiarriy  nequid- 
quam,  nequando,  videlicet,  venejictis,  veneficay 
semodim.  SHibra,  however,  is  shortened  by 
Martial . 

Virg.  J^eque  meis  eslo  didis  mora:  Jupiter  hcec 
stet. 

Ovid.  Barbara  narralur  venisse  venEjica  tecum. 

Mart.   Et  tliuris  piperisque  tres  sSlibrce. 

If  the  first  part  of  the  compound  ends  in  / 

or  Y,  it  is  shortened:    as  Omiiipotens,  causidi- 

cus,  Melilotus,  biceps,  triceps,  bicorpor,   tricor- 

por,  tricuspis,  and  the  like — Polydorus,  &c. 

Virg.  Turn  pater  omnipolens,  rerum  cui  sum- 
ma  potestas. 

Mart.   Carper e  causidiciisfertur  men  carmina. 
Ovid.  Pars  thyma,  pars  rorcm,pars  meHloton 
amat. 

Virg.  vVam  Polydorus  ego,  8fc, 

Exception.  Ibidem,  uhique,  idem,  the  pro- 
noun of  the  masculine  g-ender,  have  /long-. — 
Idem,  neuter  gender,  has  /short. 

Blgse,  quadrlgse,  siquis,  siqua,  siquid,  scilicet, 
llicet,  iibicen,  melliphyllon,  Trinacria,  blmu^, 
trlmus,  quadrlmus,  tantldem,  quivis,  quldam. 


24  ON  TUB  XEASUKE  OF  STLLABLES. 

guilibet,  biduxim,   triduum,    and   other  com- 
pounds fron;  dieSy  merldies,  quotldie,  &c. 

Mart.  Difficilis,  facilis,  jucundiis,  acerbus  es 
Tdem. 

Mart.  Si  totus  tibi  Irlduo  hgatiir. 

Mart.  Inter  tepentes  post  meridiem  bitxos. 

Quadrlduum  is  sometimes  made  short,  as  al- 
so qv.otidianus,  by  Catulkis. 

Ubicunque  more  frequently  has  /short. 

Mart,  (lid  tecum  cupis  esse  meos  iibtcunque  li- 
bellos. 

Ovid,  however,  lengthens  it:  Servor  ubicun- 
que est,  &c. 

Ublvis  and  ubilibet  it  is  customary  to  make 
long-.  Parricida  and  matricida,  Ausonius  has 
lengthened. 


OF  0  IN  COMPOUNDS. 

In  leading"  parts  of  compounds  drawn 
From  Greek,  brief  render  O  (Mi;cp:v); 
In  which  position  long-  rehearse 
Q  (Ms/k)  found  in  Latin  verse. 

O,  in  Greek  words,  concluding  the  first  part 
of  a  compound,  is  shortened:  as  Cymothx,^ 
Carpophonts,  Argonaut  a. 

Mart.  Scecxila  Carpophorum,  Ccesar,  si  prisca 
tulissent: 
Jam  milhim  monslris  orbefuissel  opus. 
Mart.  Ao7i  nautas  puto  vos,  sedArgonautas. 

EscEPTio??.  Those  written  with  an  n  (me- 
ga) are  long:  as  T-^\urTp}i?,  Geometra;  Minot au- 
nts, fMfu^c;,  lagopus;  nor  will  you  easily  find 
more  that  are  used  by  the  Latins. 


Virg.  Minotaur  us  inest  Veneris  moiiumt'nlM 
nefanda. 

Mart.  Si  mens  aurita  gaudet  lagopode  Flaccus. 

In  various  words  the  Latin  O 

Sounds  sometimes  short,  at  others  slow. 

O,  in  Latin  words,  compounded,  is  partly 
long-:  as  Alivqiiin,  quandoque;  partly  short,  as 
Quandoquidem,  hodle,  duodenus,  &c. 

Vir^.  Dicile  quandoqiddefii,  in  inoUi  coiisedi- 
mus  herba. 

Herat.  Indignor^  quandoque  bonus  dormilat 
Homerus. 

Of  tiie  iMcrease  of  Moiiiis  in 
the  Slugular  jViiHiljer. 

^n  explanation  of  ichat  is  meant  by  Increase, 

If  the  genitive  singular  were  equal  to  the 
nominative  in  the  number  of  syllables,  there 
would  be  no  increase;  as,  Musa,  Musoe;  Bom- 
i7ius,  Bomini.  But  should  it  be  longer,  then 
the  penultimate  of  the  genitive  will  be  the 
increase;  which  penultimate  in  all  cases  of 
each  number  always  preserves  the  quantity 
of  the  gentitive;  as,  in  S'ermo,scrmonis,sermoni, 
sermones,  sermonibus,  the  O  is  every  where 
long. 

Except  Bohus,  where  the  0  is  lengthened, 
though  in  the  genitive  singular,   bovis,   it  is 
short. 
Bl 


26  ox    THE    INCREASE    OF    NOUNS. 

Appendix.  Iter,  suppellex,  and  words  com- 
pounded o^  caput,  ending- in  the  letters  Pas', 
are  augmented  by  a  double  increase;  as,  it\n- 
tris,  supellectUls,  biceps,  hicipltis. 

Increase  of  the  first  Sf  second  declension. 

Declension  first,  be  always  ware, 
Admits  an  increment  but  rare. 
lOeri  long  the  second  rates, 
All  others  it  abbreviates. 
There  is  no  increase  of  ^i  in   the  first  de- 
clension, unless  with  the  poets,    as,   Jiulaiy 
pictai,  where  it  is  long. 

Virg.     Aulai  in  viedlo  Ubabant pocnla  Bacchi. 
Every  increase  of  the  second  declension  is 
short;  as,  Miser  miser i;  vir  viri;  safur  satiiri. 
»    Virg.  Kon  ignara  mali  miseris  snccuirere  disco. 

Persius. inter  pocula  qKoerunt 

Romulidce  saturi  quid  dia  poemala  narrent. 

Exception.  Iber,  Iberi,  has  the  penulti- 
mate long,  and  all  the  compounds  of  it,  Celtt- 
bcr,  Cdtiheri. 

Luc.  Interea  domitis  Cctsar  remeabil  Iberis. 

Marl.   Vir  Celtiberis  non  tactndi  genlibus. 

Of  the  genitive  increasing  in  ICSwe  have 
dready  spoken. 

Increase  of  the  third  declension. 

A. 
.i  singula)',  in  third  declension. 
Increases  long,  with  slight  dissention. 
Still  finals  masculine  in  .iE, 
And  .2L,v,  ith  compounds  formed  of  P.2ff, 


ON    THE    INCREASE    OF    NOUKS.  27 

Claim  from  the  rule  a  wide  dissent, 
With  others  of  brief  increment, 
As  Bacchar,  nectar,  hepar,  mas. 
Lav,  jubar,  anas,  also  vas. 
The   increase  of  A  in  the  sing-ular  of  the 
third  declension  is  long";  as,  Fectigal,vecttgaliSf 
Titan,  pietas,  pietaiis,  pax,  calcar  and  Jjax. 

Ovid.   Concitat  iratus  validos  Tit  anas  in  Jirina. 

Virg.  Pars  mihi  pads  erit  dextram  tetigisse 
Tyranni. 

ExcEPTiox,  Shorten  the  masculine  nouns 
in  dSsiudAR;  as,  Sal,  Hannibal,  Amilcar,  par, 
impar,  compar,  dispar,   &c. 

Virg.  Vela  dabant  Iccti,  et  spiimas  satis  cere  ru^ 
ehant. 

Sil.  Hannibdlem  Fabio  ducam  spectante  per 
urbem. 

Sil.  Cui  scevum  arridens  narrabis  Amilcdris 
wnbris. 

A,  AS. 

Greek  terms  in  A  and  .^/S  that  end, 
All  words  that  final  S  append 
Whereat  a  consonant  precedes: 
Annexed  the  class  that  here  succeeds, 
Anthrax,  at  rax,  harpax,  cor  ax. 
Climax,  atax,  panax,  colax. 
Dropax,  fax,  compounds  of  Phylax, 
Abax,  styrax,  lastly  srnilax; 
These  all  with  increments  are  found. 
Each  with  brief  Turkish  crescent  crowned; 
Let  Syphax,  looking-  either  way. 
His  love  of  Punic  faith  betray. 
Also  the  Greek  words  in  A  and  .^.S";  as,  Pa- 
tma,  stemma,  Pallar,  and  those  that  have   a 


28  ox   THE    INCREASE    OF    jrOTTNS. 

consonant  before  S;  as,  Trcbs,  Arabs,  and 
others  compounded  of  Phylax,  Fax,  Styrax, 
Ardophylax,  smilax,  and  cVmax;  and  also  those 
less  used;  dropax,  colax,  nydicorax,  &c.  Can- 
dax  and  Pharnax  ^re  not  in  use?  but  Pharna- 
ceSj  Candaces. 

Jut.  Slemmuta  qidd  faciiint? 
Vire;.     Inslar  monlis   equum,   divina  Pallddis 
arte^  JEdifxant. 

Ovid.  J\\m  inodo  tkurilegos *^rubas,  modb  sxis- 
picit  Indos. 

E. 
Brief  increment  on  E  confer 
In  third  declension  sing-ular. 
Hymen  apart,  each  genitive 
In  enis  must  long  increase  g've; 
Protract  thus  viansues,  locuples, 
Ver,  Iher,  quies,  hseres,  prses: 
Lex,  vertex,  halec,  merces,  fzx. 
Exotic  el,  seps,  plehs,  and  rex. 
And  Grecian  finals,  Er,  and  Es; 
Though  Aer,  JEther,  brief  express. 

The  Increase  o(  E  in  the  singular,  of  the 
third  declension  is  short;  as,  Grcx,  grtgis,  teres. 

Virg.  Mllle  Grtges  illi. 

ExcF.PTioK  I.  Iber,  IbHris  is  excepted;  'the 
genitive  enz'5  has  the  penultimate  long;  as.  Pen 
Jisnis;,  Syren  Syrenis;  Hymen,  Hymtnis  is 
short.     But  Ver,  JMnnsues,  &c.  are  long. 

rxcEPTin>-  II.  Likewise  foreign  words  in 
El;  as,  Mic/iael;  Greek  words  in  Er  and  Es, 
Crater,  later,    safer.   Tapes,  kbes,  except  Atr, 


ON    TUE    INCIiEASE    OF    NOUNS.  29 

Virg.  Craicras  v.xagnos  stuluunt  et  vina  coro- 
nant. 

Ovid.   Viginii fidvos  opeioso  ex  etve  lebEtes. 

I,  01-  Y. 

Brief  increment  on  /confer 
In  tliird  declension  singular. 
However,  recollect  and  see 
That  if  the  word  should  Grecian  be, 
And  I?iis,  I m/s  genitive, 
Protracted  be  the  sound  you  give. 
Thus  long  form  Sa/nnlSf  JVes'is,  liSy 
GrypSi   Vibex,.  Quiris,  glis  and  Dis. 

/or  F,  as  an  increase  in  the  singular  of  the 
thiixl  declension,  is  short;  as,  Styps,  stqns,pol- 
lex,  chlamys,  chalyhs. 

Ovid.  Die,  inquam,  parva,  cur  sttpe  qucerat 
opes? 

Virg.  M  chahjhts  nudi  Jtrrwn. 

Exception.  The  genitive  Inls  or  Ynis  from 
Greek  nouns  lengthens  the  penultimate;  as, 
Delphyn,  Flcrcyn,  Salaniis.  So  Dis  Dltis; 
vihcx,  viblcv:  glis,  gliris;  gryjjs,  gryphis; 
iSamnis,  sainnuis;  JVists,  jyisidis;  a])sisy  apsi- 
dis,  &c.  Still  there  are  some  who  think  that 
apsides  can  be  made  short;  for  A^iJig  is  found 
with  the  acute  assent  on  the  penultimate; 
Fsophis  iias  the  middle  syllable  common. 

Virg.  Orpheus  in  Sylvis,  inter  DelphlnaS 
Arion. 

Virg.  Laomedontiaden  Priamum  salainlna  pe- 
tenleru- 

Virg.  J^odcs  atque  dies  patet  atri  janua  Dltis. 


oU  ox    THE    INCREASE    01    VOU:?S. 

IX  or  \X. 

The  Persian  arrow's  lengthened  linCj 
To  words  in /JT and  FJT assign; 
But  briefly  utter  Histrix,  pix, 
Coxendix,  fornix,  varix,  phryx. 
With  chaenix,  cillx,  natrix,  7iix, 
And  cal'ix,  larix,  onyx,  styx, 
So  ^lix,  eryx,  salix,  Japyx, 
And  others  like  them,  such  as  mastixx 
B\i\.  bebryx,  measured  long  or  short, 
Bends  pliant  to  the  poet's  art. 

Nouns  ending  in  the  syllable  IX  or  YX, 
have  the  penultimate  of  the  genitive  long;  as, 
Fdix,  felicis;  bombyx,  bomb  yds,-  perdix^  co. 
iurnix,  pernix,  lod'ix. 

Virg.   Vivite  felices  qxiibus  estfortuna  peracla. 

ExczPTio>-.  These  are  excepted,  Cilix, 
histrix,  fornix,  pix,  7iafrix  a.  kind  of  serpent; 
Siix,  strix,  and  some  proper  nouns;  as,  Ambi- 
orix;  and  gentiles;  as,  Bifurix. 

Luc.  A-menios  Cilicesqueferos,  Taurosq  suh- 
egi. 

Luc.  ^iinc  pice,  mine  liquida  rapuere  inccn- 
dia  cera. 

Mastix  masticis,  for  mastic  gum,  is  short; 
mastlgis,  for  a  whip,  is  long. 

Appexdts.  Many  lengthen  it,  still  some 
sav  it  should  be  shortened.     Bebrix  varies. 


ox    Tlia    IXCRKASE    OF    xou:<i.  31 

o. 

O  singular,  so  fair  and  round, 

"With  increase  always  long  is  found: 

But  short  the  Grecian  puny  c, 

The  other  huge,  is  long  and  slow. 

Still  genitives  in  oris  found, 

If  Latin  neuters,  briefly  sound; 

Add  Hector,  Nestor,  but  long  give 

Os,  oris,  and  comparative: 

Brief  are  the  compounds  formed  from  Trat 

Lepiis,  and  compos,  impos,  hoSy 

So  arhos,  scrobs,  ops,  Cappadox, 

And  memor,  prsecox  Allobrox, 

But  cercops,  hydrops  we  dilate, 

With  Cyclops  their  associate. 

The  increase  of  0  in  the  singular  of  the 
third  declension  in  Latin  nouns,  is  long;  as, 
Soli  vox,  velox,  victor,  ros,Jlos,  dos,  cos,  iiro,cus- 
ios. 

Ovid.  Regia  soils  erat  subllmibus  cdta  colum- 
nis. 

Exception  I.  Greek  words  in  ON,  which 
have  O  (^micron)  in  the  oblique  cases,are  short; 
a.?,,  Phtleemon,  Pcdaemoii,  sindoii,  Agamemnon, 
Ja&on,  Amazon,  and  many  others  that  are  to 
be  learned  by  use 

Virg.  Pulsant  ct  j)ictis  bellantur  Amazones  ar- 
mis. 

The  Latins  sometimes  omit  the  letter  N;  as, 
Macedo,  3facedonis;  Brito,  Vasco,  Saxo,  Pepo, 
Agamemno,  Britones  in  MartialL  11-  you  may- 
find  the  penultimate  lengthened;  as  also,  Vec- 
tonesy  Book  4,  and  .^xone^,  Book  7.  in  Lucan. 


OZ  ON    THE    INCREASE    O.     NOUNS. 

Luc.  Conclamant  Danai  slimulatqiie  Agamem- 
710  volentcs. 

But  those  written  with  n  CmcgaJ  are  long; 
as,  Simon,  spado,  mango,  (igov,-  Sidon,  is  once 
lengthened  by  Silids,  B.  8;  Siryon,  Solon,  La- 
con,  &c. 

There  are  two  that  va]-y,  Orihn  and  ^^geon. 
Exception  II.  The  genitive  in  oris  from  the 
neuter  Latin  nouns,  has  the  penultimate  short; 
as,  Mannor,  ebw,  corpus,  odor,  which  is  rarely 
found  declined  common.  But  os  oris,  and  the 
comparative  degrees,  however  increase  long; 
as,  majxis,  ma  juris,  &c. 

Compounds  of  tthc,  Trciicc;  as,  Tripus,  and 
also  memor,  c.rbor,  kjyus,  bos,  compos,  and  im- 
pos  are  shorteritd. 

Virg.  Sic  vosnon  v'lhisfertls  uralra  boves- 
Exception  IIL  These  are  also  short.  Cap- 
padox,  Mlobrox,  prsecor;  and  sMch  as  have  a 
consonant  before  an  -"?;  as,  Scrobs,  JEthiops, 
Cecrops,  Dolops,-  except  Cyclops,  cercops,  hy- 
drops. 

Mart.   Cappadociim  sczvis  Jlntistxus  occidit  oris. 
Virs;.  Hie  Dolopum  rnainis  hie  sctvxis  tendebat 
Achilles. 

Ovid.  Tela  reponiinlur  manibus  fabricata  Cy- 
clupum. 

U. 
Contract  the  increment  of  U,- 
Exceptions  to  be  held  in  view 
Are  iidis,  uris,  iilis  had 
From  nominatives  in  vs,  and  add 
Lxix,  pollux,fur,  though  short  beware 
fnferciis,  pecus,  ligiis  are. 


ON    THE    IXCRKASE    OV    NOUNS.  Jo 

The  increase  of  U,  of  the  thh'd  declension, 
is  short;  as,  murmur,  furfur,  turttir,  dux,  Li- 
gu?,  ^nd pecus,  bitcrcus,'w\\\\pfc£sul. 

Virg.  J\I(i2;ncnihn6sqiie  duces  loliusq;  ex  ordint 
gentis 

ExcEPTiox.  The  g-enitive  cases  in  udis,  uris, 
and  litis,  from  nouns  in  us,  have  the  penulti- 
mate long-;  as,  pains,  paliidis;  incus,  incTidis; 
iellus,  telluris;  virtus,  viriidis;  a.\so  fur,  fur  is,- 
witli  the  other  oblique  cases;  and  -Aso  pollux, 
lux  ^ndfrugis,  from  the  nominative /rux  out 
of use. 

Virg  Quid  Domini  facienl,  atulent  cum  tcelia 
fures? 

Tib.  Luce  sacra  requiescal  hximus,  reqniescat 
orulor. 

Of  the  Iitcrease  Gfl¥®ii2is  in 
tlie  FliiF.-?!. 

The  penultimate  of  tlie  genitive   or  ilative 
of  the  plural  number,  is  called  the  increase  of 
the  plural  when  each  case  is  longer  than  the 
nominative  of  the  same    number;    as,  Musae, 
Mxisarum,-  Amho,  Amborum,   Ambobus,-   Quiy 
quorum,-   quibus:  Jies,  rerum,  rebus. 
A,   E,   O,   I,  U. 
Increased  should  plural  cases  be, 
Grant  A,  E,   O,  long-  quantity, 
Which  though  in  babus  yon  perceive, 
To  U,  I,  hurried  measure  give. 

The  plural    inci-ease   of  A,   E,  O,   is  long; 
IV? 


34  OS-    THE    i:7CHEASE    OF    VEBBS 

as,  Quarum,  harum,  amhahus;  rerum,  rlhus; 
horum,  quorum. 

Ofid.  Cum  t amen  a  turba  rerum  requieverit 
harum. 

Virg.  ^it  Capys  et  quorum  melior  sententia 
menti. 

/and  U,  each  an  increase  of  the  plural  num- 
ber, are  short;  as,  Quibus,  tribus,  niotittbusi 
lacubus,  verubus. 

Virg.  Monllbus  in  nostris  solus  tibi  certat  J- 
inyntas . 

Ovid.  Prcemia  de  lacubus proxima  musla  tuis. 

or  the  laicrease  of  Verbs. 

J\Ieaning  of  the  increase  of  a  Verb. 
The  second  person  singular  of  the  indica- 
tive mood  is  the  measure  according"  to  which 
each  increase  of  Verbs  is  directed:  to  which 
if  the  verb  is  equal,  there  will  be  no  increa<^e; 
as,  amat,  amant;  because  tiiey  are  dissylables 
like  aj7ias  (wliich  is  the  measure  and  rule  of 
every  increment,)  have  no  increase.  But  if 
the  verb  be  longer  by  one  syllable,  it  will  have 
one  increase;  as,  amamus,  amatis,  the  penulti- 
mate of  whicli  words  is  the  increase  or  incre- 
ment; for  the  last  syllable  is  never  called  the 
increase.  If  the  measure  be  exceded  by  two 
syllables,  there  will  be  a  twofold  increase;  as, 
amabamus,  amabaiis  If  by  three,  threefold; 
as,  amaverimus,  ainaveriils,-  Finally,  if  by 
four,  tiie  increase  will  be  as  many  fold;  as,  au- 
diebamini. 


DX  THE  INCREASE  OF  TEHB8.       35 

In  deponent  verbs  the  active  voice  must  be 
supposed,  according  to  which  the  increase 
of  verbs  must  be  directed. 

The  last  s}ilable,  as  we  have  just  said,  nev- 
er is  an  increase;  but  the  first  is,  if  the  mea- 
sure itself  is  a  monosyllable;  as,  Das,  Fles: 
Damns,  datis,  dabam,  dare,  and  other  dissyla- 
bles,  have  one  increase,  in  the  same  manner; 
Flemus^fletis^Jiebam,  flere. 

First  Riile. 

Of  the  Increase  of  Verbs  by  A. 

A  takes  long  increment,  although 
•Short  is  the  first  increase  of  Do. 

A,  in  every  increase  of  verb?,  is  long;  as, 
Stabam^staret,  properdmus,  docebamus,  audie- 
bamini,  &c. 

Virg.  Trojaque  nunc  stares  Priamique  arx  al- 
ia maneres. 

Ovid.  Serius  aut  ciiiics  mttam  properamus  ad 
xuiam. 

Exception.  A,  the  first  increase  only  of 
the  verb  Do,  das,  is  shortened;  as,  Ddmus,  da- 
^junf;  on  which  account  we  pronounce  thus, 
circumddmus,  circumddhant,  circxunddre,-  ve- 
numdabo,  venumddre,  Uc.  with  the  penulti- 
made  short. 

\\t%.  His  lacrymis  vilam  ddmus,  et  miseresci- 
mus  ultro. 

Ovid.  Jussit  et  ambitce circumdare  Uttora  terrce. 


36      ON  THE  INCREASE  OF  VERBS. 

Second  Rule. 

Of  the  Increase  of  Verbs  hy  E. 

Though  verbs  increasing- l^ng'then  E, 
Yet  seen  before  an  B,  we  say, 
That  when  in  conjugation  third 
It  chances  that  you  find  the  word, 
To  make  t!  short  no  mood  prevents 
In  present  and  imperfect  tense. 
Trip  short  in  speaking  &eii\  here. 
But  stride  it  long  for  7-ens,rere, 
Give  ram,  Yun,  ro,  brief  £J  in  front; 
Rare  steterunt  and  dedtrunt- 

E,  iri  all  increments  of  verbs/islong;  as  FlE- 
bam,  rthar,  laccrtris;  docerem;  legerimt. 

Ovid.  Flehat   ArhlKus,    quod  apes   cum  stipe 
necatas. 
VideraL  incept os  desl'dnisse  favos? 

Virg.  Sic  eqiiidem  ductbam  aiiimo  rtbarque 
ftiturum. 

Mart  Dxdale  Lxicnno  cum  sit  lacereris  ab  urso, 
Quam  ciiperes  pennas  nunc  liabuisse  tuas? 

ExcEFTiox  1.  E  before  R,  is  short  in  the 
present  and  imperfect  tenses  of  the  third  con- 
jugation; as,  Cognosctrey  legtrem,  legtremus\ 
legtris  or  legtre. 

Beris  and  bere  are  short;  as,  CekbraberiSf 
celebrabSre. 

Beris  and  rere  are  long;  as,  Loguereris  pro- 
sequere. 

Mart.  Hoc  tihi  Roma  caput,  cum  loqucrtris, 
eral. 

Velim,  vSlis,  velit,  ^c.  are  short. 


\ 


ON  THE  INCREASE  OF  VERBS.       37 

Exception  II.  jE  before  i?^3f,  RIM,  RO, 

is  short;  as,  Amavtranii  amavtrinii  amavero, 
fectruin,  fectrim,  fecSro. 

The  other  persons  follow  the  same  rule; 
Amaveris,  amaverii,  amaverimus,  amaveritis: 
fecSrimus,  fecSritis. 

Ovid.  Fecerat  exiguas  jam  Sol  allissimiis  um- 
iras. 

Appendix.  The  poets  sometimes  in  the  pret- 
erite of  the  indicative  shorten  the  letter  E 
before  the  syllable  RUNT,  at  their  option. 

Virg  Obstupui  sttteruntq\  comae,  et  vox faud- 
bus  IifcsU. 

Hbr.  Di  iibi  divitias  dederuiit  artemquefruendi. 

Si!.  Terruerunt pavidos  accensa  Ceraunia  nau- 
tas. 

Tliiid  Rule. 

Of  the  Increase  of  Verbs  by  I. 

Increase  /short;  jivolong vehmuSy 

Simxis,  its  compounds,  and  nolimus; 

Next  ii'i,  preterite;  then  no  less 

in  conjugation  fourth, confess, 

That  present  tense,  as  always  found j 

Gives  imus,  if  is,  tardy  sound. 

Yet  bards,  imagination's  brood, 

iii  vary  in  subjunctive  mood. 
7,  in  any  increase  of  verbs,  is  short;  as,  Lin- 
quimus,  amablmus,  aadiebamtni,  &c.  verilmusi 
compenmiis,  repertmus,  in  the  perfect  tense. 

Virg.  Linqutmus  Ortygice  partus,  pelagoque 
volamus- 

Virg  J^on  nos  aut  ferro  Lybicos  populate  Pe- 
nates. 

Ventmvs,  autrnptas  ad  Utlorci  vcrlere  prmlaf. 


402910 


OO  ox  THE  INCREASE  OF  TEKBS. 

Exception.  Nolifo,  nollte,  nollmus;  ve- 
limus,  velitis;  simus,  sitis,  and  tlieir  compounds 
have /long-;  FossJmus,  adsimus,  prosvmus,&c. 

Ovid.  Et  documenla  damns  qua  simus  origine 
nati. 

Ovid.  Si  quisut  in  populo,  qui  sltis,  et  undcj 
requirat. 

Appendix  I.  The  penultimate  of  the  pret- 
erite in  7F7,  is  long-;  as,  Fetivi,  and  the  first 
increase  of  the  fourth  conjug-ation;  as,  Iham^ 
iho,  ito,  subimus''  venlmus,  repennms,audimiis, 
of  the  present  tense. 

Virg.   Cessi  et  siiblato  montem  genitore  petlvi. 

Yirg.  Tu  lie  cede  malls,  scd  contra  audentior 
Jto. 

Virg.  Jungimus  hospitio  dextras,  et  tecta  sub- 
imus. 

Appendix  II.  The  tenses  of  the  subjunc- 
tive mood  ending- in  R IM US  3.nd  BIMISh^ve 
■ifforded  matter  of  dispute  to  g-rammarians, 
whether  they  have  the  penultimate  long  or 
short,  and  the  contest  has  never  yet  been  set- 
tled; and  this  not  only  with  moderns  but  also 
with  the  ancients:  for  Diomedes  teaches  that 
the  preterite  is  short,  but  the  future  long': 
Frohus  asserts  tiiat  both  are  long-.  Wlierefore 
in  making-  verses  you  will  do  best  to  imitate 
the  best  poets,  who  sometimes  shorten  the 
sylbble  RF,  and  sometimes  leng-then  it,  ac- 
cording- as  the  verse  requires,  liutif  you  are 
t )  recite  any  tiling  before  an  audience,  in  or- 
rler  to  avoid  remark,  you  will  observe  the  cus- 
'  'm  of  the  place. 


ox    rUK    INCnEASB    OF    TEIIBS.  JV 

Fourth  Rule. 

Of  the  increase  of  Verbs  by    O  and   U. 

0  long-,  but  f/" concise,  we  rate; 
Long  future  ZZ penultimate. 

0,  in  the  increase  of  verbs,  is  always  long": 
as  Facitote. 

Ovid,  Ciunque  loqui  poterit,  mali-em  faciiole 
saluttt. 

U,  in  the  increase  of  verbs,  is  every  where 
short:  as  sumus,  possiimxis,  voliimiiS' 

Hor.  J^os  numcrus  sumus,  et  frvges  co7isu- 
mere  nali. 

Hor.  Si  patrice  volumnSf  si  nobis  vivere  chart. 

U,  the  penultimate  of  the  future,  in  BUM, 
and  of  the  participle  in  BUS,  is  always  long-: 
as  Amaturum^periturum,-  amaiiirus; periturus. 

Virg.  Si  periturus  abis,  et  nos  rape  in  omnia 
tecum. 


40  ox    FINAL    SYLLABLES. 

Oi*  the  filial  Syllables. 

Syllables  which  hold  the  last  place  are  learn- 
ed partly  by  position:  as  priideiis,  prxcox  — 
partly  by  a  diphthong-:  as  Mussc; — partly  by 
private  instruction — all  which  must  now  be 
noticed. 

A    FIXAL. 

Prolong-  the  ullinnate  in  A; 
Short  ita,  quia,  for<tea, 
Eia,  and  cases  total  g-ive, 
Except  alone  tlie  ablative, 
With  which  additional,  in  fine, 
The  long-  Greek  vocative  combine. 

Finals  in  .7  are  long-:  9.s  Memora,  contra,  ul- 
tra, anteti,  iriginld,  quadnglniU,  &c. 

Virg.  Musa  mlhl  causas  memGvd  quo  numine 
ixso. 

Virg    Trigiiiia  capllum  fcelus  enixa  jacehit. 

Exception.  Shorten  Eia,  ita,  -posted,  quia. 
Also,  all  the  cases  in  .3 — as  ancltora,  veld,-  ex- 
cept the  ablative — as  de  prord;  and  Greek  vo- 
catives— as  6  JEnea,  6  Colcka,  Palla. 

Virg.  Haud  ild  me  cxperti  Bilias  el  Pandanis 
wgens. 

Virg.  Anchoru  de  prord  jacilur,  slant  Utlore 
pupves.. 

Virg.  Quid  miserum,  cEnea,  laceras?  jam  pur- 
ee sepullo. 

Appe>-dix.  Some  numerals  also  in  GINTA 
are  sometimes  read  short  in  Martial  and  Mani- 
lius.  So  contra,  by  Valerius  Flaccus,  Auso- 
nius  and  Mandius,  is  made  short. 


ON    FINAL    SYLLABLES.  41 

E    FINAL. 

^filial  made,  abbreviate, 
Still  certain  words  discriminate, 
As  those  of  first  and  fifth  declension, 
\Vhere  final  E  has  long  dimension: 
Stich  tempe,  cfte,  ohe,  make, 
Thenfen/ie,  fere,  fame,  take, 
Dace,  and  such  of  mood  the  same; 
Monosyllables  add  their  claim. 
Enclitics  and  syllabics  still 
None  but  contracted  measure  fill. 
Declension  second's  adverb  throng 
Are  (bating  ?nak,  bene,)  long. 

Finals  in  E  are  short — as  JYait,  fi>gS,  ponS, 
penB,  nempe. 

Virg.  Heufu^t..nute  Dea,  teque  his,  ail,eriiiS 
flammis. 

Virg;.   Per.S  simul  tecum  solalla  rapla  Mena'ca. 

Exception  I.  All  of  the  first  and  fifth  de- 
clensions are  long — as  Anchi&iades,  b  Jinchisi- 
ade,  Cidliope,  re,  die,  iii'd  derivatives  from 
them — as  Quare,  hodie,-  to  which  add  fume, 
cete,  tempe,  ferme,  fere,  ohe. 

Virg.  Tros  Jnchisiade,facUis  descensus -Iverni. 

Marl.  Ac?t  renins  quare  lean  longo  tempore  Ro- 
mam- 

Virg.  Objicit:  ilk  faniB  rapida  tria  guifvia 
pandens. 

Mart.  Hoc  si  contigerit,fame  peribis. 

Exception  II.  Also  verbs  of  the  second 
conjugation,  imperative  mood,  singular  num- 
ber— as  vidB,  habS;  cave,  however,  is  often 
short,  for,  formerly,  it  was  of  the  third  conju- 


42  ox    FIXAL    SYLLABLES. 

gation,  as  were  also  some  others — so  reaponde 
which  Martial  shortens,  as  Fersius  does  vide, 
and  Horace  vale. 

Hor.  Fade,  vale:  cavS  ne  titiibes,  mandataqut 
frangas. 

Ovid.  c/Ya?e,  cave,  dum  resque  sinit,  tua  corri- 
ge  vota. 

Monosyllables  also  are  long" — as  me,  te,  s5. 
Except  the  enclitic  adjuncts,  quS,  ng,  vg. 
And  the  syllabic  adjections,  ptg,  ce,  ig — as 
suapte,  hisce,  tutg. 

Virg.  Tanlang  vos generis  tenuit fidiicia  vesh'i? 
Hor.  Hinc  omnis pendet  Liicilius,  hoscg  seculus^ 

Exception  HI.  Adverbs  also  are  long-  when 
derived  fro'n  nouns  of  the  second  declension: 
as  Placide,  valde,  mmime,  surnme,-  except  be- 
ne and  male. 

Mart.  Excipe  soUicitos  placide,  mea  dona  li- 
bdlos! 

Mart.  J^Til  bgng  cum  facias,  facis  atlamen  om- 
nia belle 

Hor.   Et  malg  tornalos  incudi  reddere  versus. 

Appexdix.  Adjectives  of  the  third  declen- 
sion when  they  pass  into  adverbs,  have  the 
last  syllable  short — as  sublime,  suavg,  dulcg, 
facilg,  dij/icilg,  &c. 

Virg.   Cantantes  sublime  ferent  ad  sidera  cycni, 
Virg.  Ipse  sed  in  pratis  aries,^am  suavg  rubenli. 

I    riXAL. 

Elongate  /,  but  shorten  nisi, 

With  all  Greek  substantives,  and  quasi: 

But  we  may  vary  mihi,  tibi, 

Which  privilege  is  claimed  for  sibi. 


ox    FIXAI.    STLLABIES.  43 

Cui  dissyllable,  and  ubi, 

Are  short  more  frequently,  and  ibi; 

But  poets  vary  necxibi, 

With  sicuti  and  siciibi. 

Words  terminated  by  the  vowel  1  are  long 
— as  classi,  fieri,  uti,  Mercuri. 

Virg.  Sic  falur.  lacrymans,  classique  immiUit 
habenas* 

Mart.   Quam  vellem  fieri  mem  libeUus: 
Hor.  Ferhir  uil  pulvis  collectus  turbine. 
Hor.  Mercurt  facunde  nepos  Atlantis. 

Exception  I.  Shorten  nisi,  quasi,  and 
Greek  words  ending-  in  /or  Y;  as,  Palladi, 
Daphni,  Moly. 

Ovid.  Q,Md  nisi  Pierides^  solatia  fri^ida,  res- 
tant. 

Virg.  Insere,  Ddphnt,  Pyros:  carpent  tuapo- 
ma  nepotes. 

Exception  II.  3Iihi,  tibi,  sibi  have  the  last 
syllable  common. 

Ibii  ubi,  and  cut  when  it  is  a  dissylable,  are 
more  frequently  short. 

Necubi,  sicubi,  and  sicutt  are  always  found 
short. 

Virg.  Post  mihi  non  simili  poena  commissa  lu- 
etis. 

Virg.  Extremum  hunc,  Arethusa^  mihi  concede 
labor  em. 

Mart.  Sed  noriint  cui  serviant  leones. 

O    FiXAL. 

0  vague,  but  long  ergo,  for  sake, 
'Greek  words  and  monosyllables  make, 


44  ox    riXAL   SYLLABLES. 

And  datives,  ablatives  embraced, 
Within  declension  second  placed, 
And  adeb  with  ideo, 
And  adverbs  that  from  nouns  may  flow: 
But  c;7o,  modo,  nescio. 
And  imo,  duo,  witli  scio, 
Abbreviate;  but  vary  serb, 
And  also  the  conjunction  verb. 

Words  ending-  in  0,  are  ambig-uous;  as, 
Qtiando,  vigilando,  nolo. 

Mart.  ^Yolo  inihi  ponas  rhombum  nuUamve  bi- 
librem; 

J^''ollo  boletoSy  oslrea  nolOy  tact. 

ExcEPTios  I.  Except  monosyllables;  as,  0, 
do,  6/o;  datives  and  ablatives;  as,  Somnu,  tuo. 

So  Greek  words  which  have  ii  mega;  as, 
Androged,  Afkd;  Clio,  Jleclo,  and  others  of  the 
same  kind,  to  which  is  added  ergcu  for  causa, 
signifying^  for  sake. 

Virg.  0  iux  Da  danicz,  spes  0  fidhsima  Teu- 
crum. 

Vlrg.  hivaJirat  iirhem  somno  viiioque  sepul- 
tarn. 

Virg.  rilecto  lorvariifacie:n,elfuri(dia  membra. 

ExcKPTiox  11.  So  adverbs  derived  from 
nouns;  as,  Subitb,  meriib,  inultb,  fsubitohovf- 
everis  sometimes  made  short  by  Seneca_j  to 
which  are  added,  Aded,  ideo. 

Here  ag"ain  are  excepted  Modo,  quoinodb, 
dutnmodd,  postmodo,  scito,  into,  to  which  add, 
scio,  nesc'w,  duo. 

The  adverb  icro,  and  the  conjunction  ve?-o, 
have  the  last  syllable  common.  To  these  some 
join  porro. 


ON    fllTAL    gTLLABLES.  45 

Mart.  JllddK  cito  Dii,  sed  tibi  sero  dabunt. 
Va).  Flac sin  verb  preces  et  dicta  super- 
bus  Respucret. 
Juv.   Vester  porro  labor fcecundier  hisloriarum. 

U,  B,  T,  D. 

Z7i3  prolonged,  but  ^,  A   T, 
Respond  alike  brief  quantity. 

Words  ending"  in  U,  are  long-;  as,  Manu, 
cornu,  Pantheu. 

Virg.  Tela  manu  miseri,  jactabant  irritn  Teu- 
cri. 

Ovid.  JVec  7nora  curvavit  cornii,  nervoqne  sa- 
gittam  impulit . 

Virg.  Quo  res  summa  loco,  Panlheu?  quam 
prendimus  arcem? 

Those  terminating  in  B,  D  ,T,  arc  short; 
as,  ab,  quid,  audit. 

Vi  rg.   Tarn  paler  ^.Tineas  piippi  sicfatur  db  alia. 

Virg.  Qaidqxdd  id  est  timeo,  Danaos  et  donafe- 
re?ites. 

Virg.  Audiit  et  Trivkz  longcc  lacxis,  audiit  am- 
nis. 

C,    L,    M,  FINAL. 

C's  long,  but  vague  the  pronoun  hic; 
And  next  brief  formed  are  donee,  nec; 
But  poets  still,  a  fickle  band. 
The  right  to  vsLvyfac  demand. 

Words  ending  in  C,  are  long;  as,  slc^hdc,  and 
the  adverb  Inc. 

Virg.  Sic  oculis,  sic  ille  manus,  sic  orafercbat. 

Virg.  Classlbus  hlc  loctis,  hic  acies  certare  so- 
lebant. 


46  OS    FINAL    STLLABLE6. 

Exception-.  Shorten  nee  and  donSe.  The 
pronoun  hie  is  either  way.  Fac  is  mostly 
short. 

Ovid.  ParvCjnec  invideo,  sine  me,  liber,  ihis  in 
vrbem. 

Virg.  Hic  vir,hic  est,  tibi  quern promitli  sccpius 
audis 

Virg.  Est  hu,  est  animus  lucis  contemptor, 
et  istam. 

Ovid.  Hos  fac  Armenios  hxe  est  Enacia  Per- 
sis. 

Mart.  Signa  rariu^,  ut  semelfac  illud. 

L. 

Short  in  its  quantity  is  L: 

Long",  Hebrew  words,  and  sal,  s6l,  nil. 

"Words  ending  in  L,  are  short;  as,  dtdrubal, 
semel,  vigil,  simul,  consul,  mel. 

Sil.  Vertit  terga  citus  damnatis  Asdruhal 
ausis. 

Hor.  Quo  semel  est  imbuta  recens  servabit  o- 
dor  em. 

Testa  diu. 

Exception.  Sal,  ''ill,  sol,  are  long;  and  sev- 
eral foreign  words;  as,  JVabal,  Daniel,  Saul. 

Stat.  ]Vo7i  Sal,  oxiporumve,  casusve. 

Mart.  Nil  aliud  video,  quo  te  credamus  ami- 
cum. 

Ovid.  Llterixis  spatium  medio  Sol  altus  habe-^ 
bat. 

M. 

Mhy  eclipsis  is  removed, 

Yet  short  with  ancient  ages  proved. 


ox    FINAL    SYLLABLES.  47 

3/ final  was  in  ancient  times  made  short, 
nor,  as  at  present,  was  it  cut  off  from  the  fol- 
lowing- vowel;  as  it  is  even  now  seen  in  com- 
pound verbs. 

Ennius.  Insignata  gere  turn  millia  militum 
odo. 

Juv.  Quo  fe  circumagas?  quae  prima  a%d  ul- 
tima ponas? 

N   FINAL. 

Both  Greek  and  Latin  iV^ protract.- 
Though  i^xVsyllabical  contract, 
If  INIS  short  it  chance  to  give 
For  termination  g-enitive. 
Declension  second's  Greek  noun  g"ives 
Erief  leng-th,  like  such  accusatives 
As  those  that  origin  receive 
From  some  contracted  nominative. 
Short /orsan  is,  with  in  and  an, 
And  tameji,  viden\  forsitan. 

Words  ending  in  iV,  are  long;  as,  REn,spUn, 
s'm,  litan,  siren,  Salaniln,  Adeon,  and  others 
of  the  third  declension  which  end  in  ON. 

Virg.  Si'in  absumpta  salus,  et  te  pater  optlmc 
Tencrum. 

Luc.  Unde  venit  Titan,  el  nox  ubi  sidera  con- 
dit. 

Ovid.  Adeon  ego  i:um,  dominum  cognosdte 
vestrum. 

Also  the  Greek  accusative  of  nouns  in  .?/.S', 
ES;  as,  Mnean^  Anchisen,  Calliopen. 

Likewise  the  Greek  genitive  of  multitude, 
of  any  declension;  Cimmerion,  epigrammaton. 

Viig.  £f  £CEM(?n  .E»fa>i  agnovit  Tvrnv.s  in 
armis. 


48  OK    FINAL    STLIABLES. 

Tibul.  Cimmerion  eliavii  obscuras  accessit  ad 
oras. 

Exception  I.  Shorten  an,  1.n,  forsdn,  forsi- 
tdn,  tdmtn,  atlamen,  viden. 

Also,  finals  in  the  syllable  m,  which  make 
the  genitive  INIS— as  Nomtn,yedtn,JlumBi\, 
Jlameii. 

Virg.  Forsitan  et  Priaml  fue)  hit  qucs  fata  re- 
quirat. 

Sla/.  Ipsa  dedi,  vidtn  ut  jugxdo  consuwpserii 
ensem. 

Ovid,  yomen^lnenium  Siculas  impleverat  urbes 

ExcxPTiox  II.  Also,  Greek  nouns  in  ON 
are  short,  which  have  a  view  to  our  second 
declension — as  Pelion,  I/ion,  Erotion. 

Ovid.  Ilion  ^-  Tenedos,  Simoisque  t^*  Xunthus 
if  Ida. 

Mart.  Pallida  nee  nigras  horrcscat  Eroiion 
umbras. 

Finally,  all  accusative  cases  which  proceed 
from  nouns  having-  the  last  syllable  short — as 
Scorpion,  Thetyn,  Ityn,  Maidn,  JE^inan. 

Luc.  Scorpion  incendis  cauda,  chelasqut  peruris 

Ovid.  Tantaque  nox  animi  est  Ilyn  hue  accer- 
site,  dixit. 

Slat  J^amque  ferunt  raptam  palriis  -Egindn 
db  undis. 

R    FINAL. 

Brief  render  H,  but  lengthen  nar, 
Fur,' par  and  race,  lar,  cur  and/cr, 
With  words  derived  from  Greek  that  give 
Long  Eris  final  genitive; 
And  xther,  aer,  Iber,  ver,- 
Cor  shorten;  varv  Ccliiber. 


oy    SlUXh    SYLLABLES.  49 

Words  terminating  in  M  are  short;  as, 
Jmilcar,  semper,  semivtr,  prsscor,  Hector. 

Sil.  r^f  senior  SicuUs  exsnltat  >^milcdr  in  Ar- 
mxs. 

Virg.  SeynpSr  honos,  nomenq',  tuum^laudesq; 
manehunt, 

Luc.  Inseruiise  manus,  impure  ac  semlvir  au- 
des. 

Virg.  J^'ec  gemere  aerid  cessabit  turtur  ab  ul- 
mo. 

Exception  I.  Lengthen  Cur,  Far,  fur, 
Iber,  Lar,  nar,  ver,  par,  with  its  compounds; 
as,  compar,  dispar,  and  hnpar,  and  Greek 
words  v/hich  make  the  genitive  ERIS  long; 
as,  crater,  stater,  add  aer  and  aether. 

Hor.  Cur  ego,  si  nequeo,ignoroque  poetasa- 
lutor. 

Hor.  Ludere  par,  impdr,  eq\iitare  in  anmdine 
longd. 

Luc.  Si  tibi  durus  Iber,  aut  si  tibi  terga  de- 
disset. 

Virg.  Largior  hie  compos  ccthEr  et  lumina  ves- 
iit. 

Appexbix.  Cor  is  better  short.  Celtiher  is 
doubtful. 

Ovid.  MoUe  cor  ad  timidas  sic  habet  ille  manvs. 
Mart.  Ducit  ad  uuriferas  quod  me  Salo    Celli- 
ber  oral. 

AS   FIXAL. 

wSiS  lengthen,  but  each  Grecian  word. 
In  case  the  fourth,  declension  third, 
Contract, with  which  each  first  case  blend, 
In  adis  should  the  second  end. 

Finals  in  AS  are  long;  as,  ..Wlnecis,  Pallas, 
Pallantis,  f&s,  nefds. 
CI      *^  ^ 


50  •»    TISAL    STllABtJS. 

Virg.  ^neas  ignariis  abest,  ignariis  el  absil. 
Virg.    Tela  manusq;  sinit,  hiiic   Pallas  instet 
et  urget. 

Virg.  Fas  etjura  sinunt. 

Exception.  Shorten  Greek  nouns  the 
genitive  of  which  ends  in  ABIS,-  as,  Areas, 
Pallas  Pallddis. 

So  the  accusative  of  the  third  declension  of 
Greek  nouns;  as,  Trods,  Delphinds,  Herods. 

Ovid.   Palds  aninn  sbnulal. 

Mart.  Curii  quibus  Pleiades  et  plus  Areas  erai. 
Virg.  Permistos  Herods,  et  ipse  videbitur  illii. 

ES    FI>'^AL. 

Protract  ES;  shorten  nominatives 
Declension  third,  if  genitive's 
Increase  with  short  penultimate: 
However,  some  exceptions  state, 
As  paries  and  aries, 
And  eeres,  pes  and  abies. 
Fiomsum,  es  brief  with  joenes  make; 
Like  measure  for  Greek  neuters  take. 
And  plural  Grecian  nominatives. 
With  corresponding  vocatives. 

Finals  in  ES  are  long;  as,  AnehisSs,  locU' 
pies,  qiioties,  octiSs,  decies,  j'ubes,  aitdiSs. 

Virg.  AnchisSs  alacris  pulmas  lUrasque  teteri' 
dit. 

Mait.  Orbns  es  et  locnplSs,  et  Bruto  consult 
dignus. 

Virg.  Dicere  te  lassum  quotiBs  ego  credo  Qta"- 
rino. 

Virg.    Uno  nasceiis  octiSs  in  aixno. 

Exception.  Shorten  nouns  of  the  tliird 
declension  which    increase  in  the  oblique  ca- 


ex    FIJiAl    STLLAB1.29.  Sl 

ses  with  a  short  penultimate;  as,  DivSs,  equisp 
hospts,  pedes. 

Virg.  Insxila  divSs  opum,  Priaml,  dinn  regno 
manehant. 

Virg.  Obvius  armalOy  ceu  cum  pedSs  iret  in 
hostem. 

Except.  Mies,  aries,cerls,  pariSs, pEs,  with 
its  compounds;  as  cornipes,  sonipes. 

Virg.  Populus  influviis,  abies  in  montibus  al- 
Hs- 

Virg.  Flava  CerSs,  alto  neqxiidqnam  special 
Olympo. 

Ovid.  JSTec  pSs  ire  potest  intra  qnoque  viscera 
saxum. 

Virg.  Stat  sonipes,  et/rcenaferox  spiimantia 
tnandit. 

Exception.  £5  from  the  verb  sum,  is  also 
short,  and  its  compounds,  as,  potes,  ades;  also 
penis:  also  Greek  nouns  of  the  neuter  gen- 
der; as,  Cucoeihes.  So  the  nominative  and 
vocative  cases  of  Greek  words;  as,  Arcades^ 
Trois,  Dsemunes,  Rhetorts,  Amazonts- 

Virg.  Qu'isquis  Ss,  amissos  jam  hinc  obliviscere 
Graios. 

Mart.   Tn  potes  et  patriot  miles  el  esse  dectis. 

Hor.  Qnem  pents  arbitrium  est  et  jus,  et  nor- 
ma loqutndi 

Juv.  Scribendi  cacoethSs,  et  cegro  in  corde  se- 
nescit . 

Virg.  Jimbojlorentcs  (ztatibus,  ArcadSs  ambo. 

The  accusative  cases  seem  to  foHoAv  the 
rule  of  the  Latins,  though  Ovid  in  the  Epistle 
to  Heroid  has  said 

Quis  scit  an  hac  sccvas  insula  ligres  habet, 
Charyhdcs,  hacreses,  metamurphosEs,  and  simi- 


ox    FlXAl    SYLLABLES. 

ives  are   lo: 
Greek,  but  Latin  cases. 

IS  or  YS  FixAL. 

Both /-Sand  F6' abbreviate, 
Thoug"]i  you  each  puiral  case  dilate. 
Extend  the  verb  and  noun  too,  vis^ 
And  yiol'is,,  velis,  glls  and  sis, 
Aadis  and  such,  and  then  a  thron;^ 
In  inisy  entis,  itis  long-. 

Finals  in  IS  or  YS,  are  short;  as,  Jp1s,  in- 
quiS,  aU,  dixeris,  egerts,  Thetis,  Tiphys,  Ilys. 

Ovid,  .^on  aplSfinde  tuUt  colleclos  sechda  fla- 
res. 

S!a^  Jamdudum  lacllo  lastrat  Thelis  omnia 
visit . 

Virg.  filter  evil  tiini  Tiphy<;,  et  altera  qrice  ve- 
hal  'Irgo. 

a  IS,  the  ultimate  in  the  future  of  the  sub- 
junctive mood,  is  almost  always  short. 

M:ut,  Is  mini,  dives  erit,  si  causas  egerts,  in- 
qnlt. 

Yet  sometimes  tliis  tense  is  found  long", 
v.hich  some  ascribe  to  theCyesura. 

Ovid.  Da  milii  le  piacldurii,  dederis  in  carrnina 
v'res. 

Exc-EPTiox  1.  Except  all  cases  in  tlie  plural 
number;  as,  Viris,  armts,  mnsls,  nobis,  vobls, 
qim,  for  quibus,  omnis,  urbl-s. 

Also  Ghs,  vis  the  noun  and  verb,  vths,  s7.^, 
with  compounds;  as,  quamvis,  nolis,  adsls; 
possis  is  by  Juvenal  in  the  V.  Satyre,  made 
short. 


OV    FIXAL    STLLABLrS. 


63 


And  the  second  persons  of  the  singular 
number,  indicative  mood,  fourth  conjugation; 
as,  Audis,  nescis,  serdls. 

Virg.  Prczsentemque  vins  intenlant  omnia 
viortem. 

Virg:.  Queis  ante  orapatrum,  Trojce  submceni- 
bvs  aids. 

Virg.  JVbn  ea  vis  anivio,  nee  tanta  superbia 
viclis. 

Mart.  Jam  satis  est;  ncn  vTs,  ^^fer,  avere,  vale. 

Mart.  S'escisjieiinescls  domin(X,faslidiaRom(Z. 

EscEPTiox.  Those  also  are  long"  the  gen- 
itive of  which  ends  in  INIS,  ENIS,  ITIS 
with  the  penultimate  long;  as,  iSalamis,  Si- 
mols,  lis. 

Ovid.  Hac  ibat  Simots,  hUest  Sigeia  lellus. 
Hor.   Gramaiici  ctrtant,  et  adhuc  sub  judice  lis 
est. 
^  OS  riiN-Ai.. 

Elongate  os,  though  brief  in  compos, 
:'..iv  less  in  os  osftis,  and  impos; 
G;eek  neutei-s;  so  all  words  within 
Declension  second;  and  again, 
Diminished  measure  Latins  give 
To  OS  the  Grecian  genitive. 

Flnal«,  in  OiS"  are  long;  as,  Os  oris,-  EredLs, 
Tros,  Minos,  Herds,  Jlthus,  A7idi-ogeds,  and 
others  written  with  n  (mega.) 

Ovid.   Os  homini  sublime  dedit. 

Virg.  Tros  tRnchisiade:  facilis  descensus  Aver- 
ni. 

Virg.  Andrcgeos  off'ert  ncbis,  sccia  agmina 
credens. 

Exception.      Shorten    Os  ossis,  and  exos, 


^4  05    Fi:XAL    STILABLES. 

compos,  and  impos,-  and  Greek  neuters;  ks, 
Chaost    melos,  Argos. 

Vire.  Et  Chaos  et  Phlegethon,  loca  node  silen- 
tia  lute. 

Also  those  ending-  in  Os  which  fall  into  the 
second  declension  of  the  Latins;  as,  Tyros, 
Jrcfos,  Hi  OS. 

Luc.  Et  Tyros  inslahilis,  preliosaque  murice 
Sidon. 

Mart.  J\''escia  nee  nostri  nomiyiis  >.9rct6s  erat. 

Finally,  all  g'enitive  cases  proceeding-  from 
whatever  nominatives;  as,  Arcados,  Pallados, 
Typho'eos,  Tethyos,  Tereos. 

Ovid.  Arcados  hinc  scdes  et  inhospita  tecta  /i/- 
ranni, 

Ovid.  Alte  jaces  vasti  super  ora  Typhoeos  AE.I- 
na. 

Luc.  Tethyos  unda  vagce  lunaribus  ctslual  ho. 
ris. 

US    FIXAL. 

Z7S' although  short,  full  length  accords 
To  all  monosyllabic  words. 
Which  measure  never  fail  to  give, 
First,  each  long  increased  genitive, 
Declension  fourth  (with  this  relief 
Case  first  and  fifth  has  increase  brief,) 
Greek  genitives  in  Untis  found; 
Then  words  that  we  with  tuc  compound, 
Greek  contracts  first  and  second  case; 
Blest  name  of  Jesus  crowns  the  race. 

Finals  in  US  are  short;  as,  Littus,  intus, 
scnsibus.  And  the  nominative  and  vocative 
cases  singular  of  the  fourth  declension;  as, 
Domus,  maniig. 


ox    flKAL    STLtlBlBt.  55 

Virg.  Heufiige  crudeles  terras,  fugc  littus  a- 
varum. 

Virg.  File  Dolopum  manus,  hic  sczvns  tendebat 
Jlchilles. 

Exception  T.  Except  monosyllables;  as, 
Plus,  rus,  thus. 

Luc.  Plus  ilia  vohis  acie,  quam  creditis  actum 
est. 

And  such  as  increase  in  the  oblique  cases 
with  a  penultimate  long-;  as,  Salus,  tellus,  pa- 
lies;  and  nouns  of  the  fourth  declension,  ex- 
cept the  cases  already  mentioned;  as,  AditTis, 
vultus. 

Ovid.  Mox  etiamfruges  tellus  inarata  ferebat. 

Ovid.  Juncta  palushuic  est;  densis  obsessa  sa- 
lictis. 

Mart.  Hos  aditus  urbem  Martis  habere  decet. 

Pains  however  is  shortened  by  Horace  in 
his  Art  of  Poetry. 

-  Hor.  Regis  opits,  sterilisqv.e  diu  palus,  apldqnt 
remis. 

Exception  II.  Final!}-,  Greek  nouns,  the 
genitive  of  which  ends  in  UNTIS;  as.  Opus, 
Jimathxis;  and  such  as  are  compounded  of 
!T3f  TTc/o?;  as  Tripus,  Mtlampiis.  Such  also 
as  are  contracted  from  Oos;  as,  Panthus 
from  Panthoos.  Likewise  the  genitive  in  US 
from  the  feminines  in  0;  as,  Jia?i/o,  Mantus; 
Clio,  Clius;  &c. 

Virg.  Est  Amathus,  est  celsa  mihi  Paphus,  at- 
que  Cijthera. 

Virg.   Palhus  Olriades  arcis  Phcebique  sacrrdcs* 
Virg.  FalidicCE,  Manius  et   Tusci  Jilius  amnis. 

The  sacred  name,  JESUS,i[so  come*  under 
this  rul«. 


56  ON    THB    COMMO:X    STLIABLE. 

Appexdix.  Us  final  from  os,  not  contract- 
ed, is  short;  as,  Pamphagus,  Oribasus,  Poly- 
pus, the  ultimate  of  which  the  ^lloliaus  write 
with  OS,  TTOKv^o?:  wherefore  by  the  Latins  it  is 
formed  with  us^  with  the  penultimate  short,  f 

Ovid.  Pamphagus  et  Dorceiis,  el  Oribasus  A-- 
cades  omnes. 

Hor.  Polypus,  an  gravis  hirsutis  cubet  hire^ts 
in  alls. 


— =3I®I«1©1C==- 

The  Co f union  SylU^ble. 
First  Hifile. 

Some  monos3'l]ables  short,  are  found, 
Greek  fashioned,  to  prolong-  the  sound. 

Monosyllables  that  are  short  are  sometimes 
by  the  poets  made  long-,  after  the  Greek  me- 
thod. 

Virg.  Limlnaqiie;  laxin'fsqtie;  Dei  tolusque; 
movtri. 

Juv.  Enanimam  et  menlem,  cum  qua  dii  noc- 
te  loquvritnr. 

Sil.   Tot  uno   introitu,  capiuntur  mililis  area. 

Mart.  Bis  undena  nocens,  el  bis  duodena  no- 
eentes. 

gecoiid  Hiile. 

The  poets  say,  all  usag-e  past 
Makes  common  syllable  the  last. 

The  last  syllable  of  a  verse  is  common  if  a 
short  syllable  is  put  for  a  long  one. 

Virg.  Gens  inimtca  miiii  Tyrrhcnum  navigat 
cequor. 


OV    FEET.  57 

Virg.  vVu/e  patrls  summi,  qui  tela  Typho'ea 
teinnis. 

The  sixth  foot  is  a  spondee,  which  consists 
of  two  long'  syllables. 

Or,  on  tlie  contrary,  a  long  syllable  for  a 
short  one. 

Marl.  J^Vns  non  licet  esse  tarn  diserlis^ 
Qui  JMusas  colimus  severiores. 

For  the  last  foot  is  a  choree  which  con- 
sists of  a  long"  and  short  syllable. 

Of  the  remaining-  common  syllables,  expla- 
nation will  be  g^iven  in  their  proper  places. 

C^r  Feet. 

since  we  have  spoken  of  syllables  as  well 
short  as  long,  and  common;  we  shall  now 
speak  briefly  both  of  feet  which  consist  of 
those  syllables;  and  of  verse  which  consists  of 
feet. 

What  is  a  Foot?  A  foot  is  part  of  a  verse 
determined  by  a  certain  number  and  order  of 
syllables. 

Feet  of  two  syllables.  A  spondee  consists 
of  two  long  syllables;  ^s,  FbssUnt,  omnes. 

Pyrrhidi;  of  two  short  syllables;  as,  55- 
niis^  riilt. 

Choree,-  or  as  others  call  it,  Trochaic,  of  a 
long  and  short;  as,  Vincor,  arma. 

Iambus,-  of  a  short  and  long;  as.  Virus,  rogas. 

Feet  of  three  syllables.  Molossic  of  three 
long;  as,  ^^}ieas,  contSndunt. 

Trochee   or    Tribrach;    of  thr^^e  short;  as, 
Facer?,  tvmldus. 
C2 


oS  ON  run. 

Dactyl;  of  along  and  two  short;  as,  Cdr- 
pord,  traxlnius. 

Anapesi;  of  two  short  and  a  long";  as,  .^n:?- 
mos,  sapliint. 

Bacchis;  of  a  short  and  two  long;  as  Dolo- 
res, pdrahant. 

Jntibcxchis;  of  two  long  and  a  short,-  as, 
-i u diss e,  mat u r u s. 

Cretic  or  ampkimac;  of  a 
a  long;  asj  Maximos,  audtunt. 

Amphyhrach;  of  a  short,  a  long  and  a  short; 
as,  Cadebat,  poemu. 

Feet  of  four  Syllables  compounded  of  the  fore- 
going. 
Dispondee  of  two  spondees;  as,  OrdtorEs. 
Froceleusma  of  two  pyn-h'ichics;   as,  Abiete. 
Dichoreic  of  two  chorees;  as,  Dimlcdre. 
Diambic  of  two  iambics;  as,  ProplnqultdS' 
Clioriamhus  of  a  choreic  and  iambic;  as,  Nc- 
billfas. 

Antispastus  of  an  iambic  and  choreic;  as,i?^- 
cusarS. 

Fssons.  The  pxons  are  four;  8c  they  all  con- 
sist of  three  syllables  short  &  one  long,  with 
this  condition, that  the  first  foot  has  the  first  syl- 
lable long,  the  second  foot  the  second  syllable 
long,  the  third  foot  the  third  syllable,  and  the 
fourth  the  fourth. 

f     1.  Of  the  Choreic  and  Pyrrych- 

ic — as  ddspldtt,  temporlbus. 
I       2.   Of  the  Iambic  and  Pyrrychic 
J  — as  Fotentid,  doceblmur' 
"^       3.   Of  the  Pyrrychic  and  Cho- 
reic— as  AntmdtiiS,  morldmur. 

4.  Of  the  Pyrrychic  and  Iambic 
^ — as  C.lhlmlfcs,  obtii-dnf. 


Paeon. 


OX  THE  DIFFERENT  KIMD5  OP  VESSE.  5§ 

The  Epitrite  or  Hippie  are  the  same  in 
number,  but  contrary  to  the  foregoing. 

f     1.   Of  the  Iambic  and  Spondeic 
-as  Rtpeiitim,  rtpfignarent. 
2.   Of  the  Choric  and  Spondeic 
,,    .    .^      J  — as  Conditores,  cumprobdrunt, 
t^pitrue.  ^^       3.  Of  the  Spondeic  and  Iambic 
— as  Dlscordlds,  cldmdvtvds. 

4.  Of  the  Spondeic  and  Choreic 
^ — as  Furtundtns,  pugndhdmiis. 

Fi.ET  OF  FIVE  SYLLABLES.  Feet  of  fivc  Syl- 
lables are  unusual,  except  the  Uochimic, 
chiefly  opposed  to  oratorial  composition.  It 
consists  of  the  Iambic  and  the  Cretic — as  RSl- 
publlcse,  pSrkorrescSreyit. 

®r  Terse. 

Verse  is  a  discourse  restrained  by  a  certain 
kind,  number  and  order  of  feet.  There  are 
various  species  of  it. 

Mexaiaieter  of  If  eroic  Terse. 

It  is  called  Hexameter  Verse,  because  it 
consists  of  the  dimensions  of  six  feet.  It  is 
frequently  called  Heroic,  because  in  that  kind 
principally  are  described  the  exploits  of  He- 
roes. 

Six  feet  Heroic  verse  unites; 
The  Muse  each  fifth  a  Dactyl  writes, 
The  sixth  a  Spondee,  all  the  rest 
V^'hichevcr  suits  the  poet  best. 


50         OSr  THE   DirFERE>'T   KI>DS  OF  TERSE. 

Tlie  following-   scheme  will  explain   these 
verses 


Virg.  lade  ubl  clard  dSdlt  sonltum  tubajinl- 
hus  omnes. 

Tibul.  Jntonsi  crtn^s  longa  cErvlcS  fliiSbant. 

Appendix  I.  The  fifth  foot  is  sometimes  a 
spondee;  whence  it  is  called  the  spondeic 
verse;  by  which  is  declared  either  the  g-ravity, 
the  greatness,  the  slowness  of  a  thing,  the 
great  grief  or  anguish  of  mind,  or  some  such 
t  hing.  A  beauty  is  given  to  this  verse  by 
the  dactyl  in  the  fourth  place. 

Virg.  Cunsimt,  aiqne  ocu'ls  Phrygla.  agmtnd 
clrcumspexU . 

If  the  dactyl  be  put  in  the  sixth  place,  the 
verse  on  that  account  will  be  called  dactylic, 
by  which  is  declared  the  celerity  or  force  ot 
any  thing,  or  luicommon  joy. 

Virg.  At  tuba  tentbllem  sontlum  procul  exc^i- 
tdl  horrida. 

They  wish  their  last  verse  to  be  taken  from 
the  first  of  the  following  verse,  which  on  that 
account  generally  begins  with  a  vowel. 

Appendix  II.  It  is  usually  highly  pleasing 
in  Hexameter  verse  to  have  dactyls  and  spon- 
dees succeed  alternately. 

Virg.  OhslupuitrelrdquS  pSdem  cum  vdcS  rS- 
pressit. 

Nor  Is  it  considered  less  ornamental  if  the 
adjective  is  placed  before  the  substantive. 

Virg.  Sylveslrem  ttnui  musam  m^dllans  avc^ 
nCi. 


on  THE  DIFFEKENT  KINDS  OF  VXBSE.         61 

Appendix  III.  A  dactyl  is  sometimes  re- 
solved into  a  proceleusma,  to  which  it  is  e- 
qual  in  its  number  of  times  or  quantity, and  in- 
to the  place  of  which  it  occasionally  succeeds. 

Viig.  Sectaque  intexunt  ahiete  costas. 

Virg.  Hcerent  varittihus  scalce,  postesque  sub 
ipsos. 

Some  however  like  to  have  them  contracted. 
The  anapest  which  by   inversion  is  a  dac- 
tyl, sometimes  supplies  its  place. 
Virg.  Fluviorum  rex  Eriddmis. 


Pentameter  Verse. 

In  verse  Pentameter  you  meet 
AVith  five  uncouthly  numbered  feet, 
Of  which  the  first  two,  each  may  have 
A  dactyl  lig-ht,  or  spondee  grave; 
Then  comes  cxsura  long  and  lone, 
Succeeding  which  two  dactyls  run; 
To  close  the  motley  group  is  put 
Caesura's  second  semi-foot. 

Pentameter  verse,  which  generally  accom^ 
panics  the  Hexameter,  has  five  feet,  of  which 
the  first  two  are  dactyls  or  spondees,  as  any 
one  prefers,  with  a  long  syllable  annexedi 
which  is  called  the  caesura  or  half  foot,  the 
rest  are  always  dactyls,  to  which  the  csesura 
is  constantly  adjoined. 

Scheme. 


Ovid.  Scej-it'  tlli  pdttr  est,  s<RpS  iSgBndus  uvus. 
Ovid.   Et  mfiltvs  lUic  Hectords  ess^ pntd. 


62    ex  THS  DIFi-EREXT  KIXDS  OF  VERSE. 

Appexdix  I.  This  verse  is  too  harsh  with- 
out the  caesura. 

Ho^  qxioque  nostras  sententla  mentis  erat. 

Also  if  there  is  an  elision  in  the  Pemthe- 
miniiric. 

Catul.  Troja  virum  etvlriutem  omniumacerba 
cinls 

Neither  hemistic  is  aptly  terminated  by  a 
monosyllable. 

Calul.   0  dii,  reddite  viihi  hoc  proprieUite  men. 

But  if  another  monosyllable  g'oes  before,  or 
an  elision  is  made  witli  the  preceding"  word,  it 
is  not  faulty. 

Ovid.   Prccmia  si  sludio  conseqvar  ista  scW  f.'/. 

OviJ.  Grande  viorx  pretiunif  tuta  fulura  via 
est. 

Pentameter  verse  gracefully  closes  with  a 
dissyllable. 

Ovid.  J^^on  est  conveniens  luctibus  ille  color. 

And  v.'lth  a  pentasyllable. 

Ovid.  Lis  est  cum  forma  magna  pudiclt'as. 

Some  think  it  too  hard  with  a  trisyllaHle 
urdess  either  a  monosyllable  precede,  or  some 
effect  or  force  is  expressed- 

Prop.  J^Iandus  dcmissis  instilor  in  tiinicis. 

II.  op.  El  caput  ivipositis  pressit  amor  pedibus. 

Appenbix.  it.  Pentameter  added  to  t'ne 
hexameter  constitutes  the  eleg^iac  verse,  from 
£\rj.c;  which  sig'nifies  grief;  or  s.\ej-e5'.  a  mourn- 
ful poem;  because  in  early  times  it  was  used 
to  e:s:nress  sorrow  or  pain,  but  afterwards  pro- 
?uiscu()U.slv  ^oi'  all  subjects. 


•  IT  THK  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  TERSE.         63 

Trimeter  and  dimeter  lam- 
l>ic  Terse. 

Iambic  verse  is  so  called  from  the  Iambic 
foot,  which  possesses  the  principal  part  in  it. 
It  is  familiar  to  comedy  and  tragedy. 
Iambic  verse  when  trimeter. 
And  equally  when  dimeter. 
Iambics  never  fails  to  trace 
In  each  and  every  even  place. 
But  those  termed  odd  may  be  possessed 
By  dactyl,  spondee,  anapest, 
Iambus  too;  but  tribrachs  tempt 
Each  place  at  times,  the  last  exempt. 

Senary  or  trimeter  Iambic,  when  it  is  pure 
and  entire,  requires  the  Iambus  both  equal,  &: 
unequal.  Hor.  Btatus  illS  qvlprocTil  ntgotl- 
is.    But  then  Horace  says 

Tardior  ut  paulo  graviorque  veniret  ad  aures. 

In  the  first,  third  and  fifth  place,  besides 
the  Iambic,  it  takes  the  spondee,  dactyl  and 
anapest.  Also  in  the  first  place  you  Ujay  find 
in  Seneca  sometimes  the  proceleusma.  So 
in  all  places  except  the  sixth  it  admits  the  tri- 
brach in  this  manner. 


Seneca.  Socraie  Divis,  proximum  PhaebO  cd- 
piit. 

Responsa,  solve,  fare  quern  poena  petant. 

The  dimeter  Iambic  has  four    feet.    In  all 
places  it  receives  those  wliich  are  received  by 


64      ox  THE  TiiTTZRr.yr  kixps  or  terst:= 

the  trimeter,  except  in  the  fourth  place  (as 
also  the  trimeter  the  sixth,}  it  rejects  the  try- 
brach. 

Hor  •   Ui  prised  gens  moriahum. 

The  ancients  formerly  measured  tl)irf  kind 
of  verses  by  duplicate  feet.  Hence  they  are 
called  trimeters  and  dimeters,  because,  they 
consist  of  three  or  two  metres  or  measures; 
when  however,  at  the  same  time,  they  have 
senary  cr  quarternary  feet. 

Observe  that  when  a  syllable  is  wanting-  in 
iambic  Terse,itis  called  catalectic. 

Prudent.  %ide3,  pater  supreme. 

When  two  are  wanting-,  it  is  called  brachy- 
catalectic:  Musse,  jovis  gnatae. 

Sometimes  there  is  a'.i  excess  of  syllables, 
either  one  (and  that  in  the  end  or  in  the  mid- 
dle) or  even  two;  and  this  is  called  hyper- 
CRtaiectic  or  hypermetric. 

Hor.    Clarl  gigantceo  tr\umphd. 

Miisa  sorvrEs  Fdllddis  Iv^eiil. 

*§€azic  OF  Choliaiiibic  Versei 

The  scazon,  lame  Iambic  named. 
Seems  most  for  satirizing  famed. 
Its  foremost  four  advancing  feet 
Iambic  trimeters  repeat: 
Foot  fifth  Iambus  always  holds, 
The  sixth  a  spondee  gravely  moulds. 

Scazic  verse  always  has  an  iambus  in  the 
fifth  place,  but  a  spondee  in  the  sixth;  in  all 
the  Cillers  it  harmonizes  with  the  senarv  iam- 


OW  THE  DIFTEBENT  KIITDS  OF  VEHSE.         65 

Mart.  ExtSmporallSj  facius  Sst  mSus  RhElHr. 

Calphurnhun  non  scripsit  el  sdliildvU. 
Martial  is  full  of  the  scazic,  as  it  is  well  fit- 
ted for  raillery. 


AnacFcoiitic  Terse. 

Anacreontic  verse  took  its  name  from  Ana- 
creon,  a  lyric  poet,  who  either  invented  it,  or 
handled  it  most  delightfully. 

Anachreon's  racy  verse  so  gay, 
Charms  like  the  ruddy  morning's  ray; 
With  thrice  Iambus  form  the  line, 
Then  one  long  syllable  subjoin. 
Iambus  in  foot  first  niaTv^  rest. 
Or  Tribrach,  spondee,  anape^.. 

This  verse  from  the  principal  foot  is  called 
catalectic  dimeter  Iambic.  The  first  foot  is 
iambic  or  spondeic;  the  second  and  third  each 
are  iambics,  then  one  syllable  remains  which 
generally  is  a  part  of  the  preceding  word. — 
And  often  Anacreon  himself  has  put  an  ana- 
pest  or  trybrach  in  the  first  place. 

Scheme. 


Anacr.   Tauro fSrirS  cormi,* 
Eqxio  ungxdo  nocere, 
LSpori  vdleri  cursu, 
Naturd  (I at  Itdni 
Oris  pdtEntem  htdtum. 


66        Oy  THE  DIFFEREXT  KINDS  OF  TERSE. 

The  repetition  of  some  word  with  emphasis 
gives  a  particular  g-race  to  this  verse  either  in 
the  beginning',  as, 

Anacr.    Volo  sonar e  Alridas 
Volo  sonare  Cadmum. 
or  in  the  middle   of  the  verse;  as,  Anacreon 
Ode  4. 

Tencris  superque  myrtis, 
Viridi  superque  loco, 
Recuhans  hxbain  lihenler. 
And    Anacreon   mostly  observes   this,  that 
with  whatever  foot  he  first  begins  an   ode  to 
retain  the  same  in  the  first  place  in  the  rest  of 
the  verses:  so  that  if  the  first  were  an  anapes- 
tic,  spondeic,  or   iambic,   all    the    subsquent 
verses  commence  with  the  same  foot. 

The  peculiar  beauty  of  this  verse  is  a  fine, 
unaffected  simplicity  of  words. 


Trochaic  Verse. 

Trochaic's  seven  melodious  feet 
The  muses  varied  passion  meet. 
In  each  odd  place  the  trochee  stands, 
Admitting  tribrach's  social  bands. 
For  even  places  both  are  free, 
Though  tribrach  cannot  final  be: 
Ranked  even  dactyl,  spondee  rest, 
Rare  proceleusma,  anapest. 
An  undue  s\  liable  supine 
Extends  at  times  the  finished  line. 
Trochaic  verse,  suitable  for  hymns,  come- 
dies and  tragedies,  consists  of  seven  feet,  hav- 
ing every  where  a  trochee  or  choree  necessary 
for  the  unequal  places:  in  the  place  of  which 


ox  THE  DIFFERENT  KIXDS  OF  TERSE.    67 

however  it  every  where  takes  a  tribrach;  (on- 
ly it  excepts  the  last  place  which  is  taken  by 
a  trochee  alone)  for  the  equal  places  a  tri- 
brach, spondee,  anapest,  dactyl,  and  rarely  a 
proceleusma.  There  is  often  in  this  verse 
a  redundant  syllable. 


0  hSafcs  qui  monenti  spmite parnet  JVumim. 

Dnm  polo  siellae  mtcdbnnt,  Jihrbu  ttrrsiS  VQS' 
tiet. 

This  kind  of  verse  is  not  less  various  than 
the  iambic.  The  tetrameter  is  mostly  approv- 
ed, though  some  esteem  also  the  dimeter;  and 
that  g-enerally  is  the  catelectic. 

Catalectic  trochaic  verse  is  changed  into  a- 
catalectic  iambic  if  a  syllable  is  prefixed  to 
the  trochaic. 

Cruxfidelis,  inter  omnes  arbor  una  nobilis, 

O  Crux  ^delis,  inter  omnea,  &c. 


Anape§tic  Verse. 

It  is  called  the  anapestic  verse  from  the 
anapestic  foot  which  holds  the  principal  place 
in  it. 

Four  feet  proud  Anapestics  use, 
In  all  which  it  delights  the  muse 
To  see  at  times  no  measure  put, 
Except  the  anapestic  foot. 
But  freely  with  it  interchanged, 
See  dactyl,  spondee  oft  arranged; 


68        OS  THE  DIFFEttlST  KIA'DS  OF  VERSE 

Tho'  second  place  and  fourth  alone 

The  dactyl  rig-idly  disown. 
Anapestic  verse  consists  of  four  feet,  which 
are  commonly  dactyls  or  spondees,  with  ana- 
pests  intermixed,  but  in  such  a  manner  that 
there  is  no  dactyl  in  the  second  and  fourth 
place. 


Seneca.  Lvg^ai.^iher,  mP^gnusqut  farlns- 
^^theris  aiti,  fellusgite  ferax, 
Et  vaga  Ponii  mobilis  undo. 

Observe,  the  anapestic  verse  is  som.etimes 
wholly  destitute  of  any  anapest. 

Seneca.    Terlm  nmit  biiccina  signum. 

And  on  tlie  contrary,  sometimes  all  are  ana- 
pests. 

Seneca.  Praprium  hoc  miseros  sequitur  vi- 
Hum. 

This  verse  is  altog-ether  destitute  of  any  cae- 
sura; for  what  in  other  kinds  of  verse  is  a 
fault,  in  this  is  praiseworthy. 

Note,  that  after  the  second  foot  the  anapes- 
tic verse  is  sometimes  terminated:  hence  some 
have  written  a  tribrach  or  choree  and  have 
too  often  left  a  hiatus  without  an  elision. 


^lycojatc  Terse. 

Glyconic  verse  is  so  called   from   Glyco  its 
-inventor. 

A  spondee  first,  tlien  dactyls  twain, 
Gljconic  triple  feet  contain. 


ox  THE  niFFEREST    KIXDS    OF  VEnSE.        69 

The  g-lycop.lc  consists  of  a  spondee  and  two 
dactyls. 

Seneca.    Tandem  regld  nobiliSf 
Antiqui  genus  Inachi^ 
Fratrum  composuit  minas. 

The  Trocheic  and  Iambic  hold  the  first 
place. 

Hor.  Ig7ii.s  Iliacus  domos. 

Mart-  Pigebat  dare  strenuo. 

This  verse  is  seldom  solitary;  for  it  fre- 
quently associates  itself  with  the  Asclepiadic; 
so  that  one  >,vhile,  the  asclepiadic  is  put  be- 
fore the  g-lyconic,  at  another,  after  it. 

Tlie    Asclepiadic   or  Chori- 
a^sibic. 

It  is  called  asclepiadic  from  its  author  As- 
clepias,  and  choriambic  from  the  j^revalence 
of  the  choriambic  foot. 

Asclipeade  ranges  first  its  lines 
With  spondee,  dactyl,  then  combines 
CBESuranext,  and  with  them  classed 
Behold  the  double  dactyl  last. 

Asclepiadic  verse  consists  of  a  spondee,  a 
dactyl  and  a  long  syllable,  and  then  of  two 
dactyls  in  this  manner. 


Some  measure  this  verse  so  that  it  has  a 
spondee  in  the  first  place,  a  choriambus  in  the 
second  and  third, &  a  pyrrhichic  in  the  fourth. 

Hor.  MxcenaSt  atcivis  Edits  R?glhus, 
Terranim  dominos  evehit  ad  Deos. 


(0         OS  THfi   DlFf  iKSHT  KI2IDS  Of  TEft3£- 

You  will  sometimes  read  a  dactyl  in  the  first 
place;  in  the  second  a  molossus;  but  be  not 
too  hasty  to  imitate  this. 

Horace  employs  this  kind  of  verse  for 
sounding  the  Olympic  praises  of  the  Gods  and 
Heroes,  or  the  victories  of  the  pugilists  and 
knig-hts.  Afterwards  its  limits  were  extend- 
ed so  as  to  embrace  not  only  feasts  and  drink- 
ing, but  all  occa«ions  of  hilarity. 

There  is  also  anothe?  kind  of  choriambic 
verse  which  admits  in  the  first  two  places  a 
dactyl  or  spondee,  in  the  third  a  long  cssura, 
in  the  fourth  a  dactyl,  and  in  the  fifth  a  spon- 
dee. 


Boet.   lieu  quarn  prsecipiil  mersd  profundd 
Mens  habet,  et  propria  luce  relicia. 
Ttndit  in  externas  ire  tenebras. 

Pherecratic. 

A  dactyl  pherecratics  screen 

Two  spondees'  solemn  ranks  between. 

Pherecratic  verse  consists  of  three  feet;  in 
the  first  place  of  a  spondee,  in  the  second  of 
a  dactyl,  and  in  the  third  place  of  a  spondee; 
in  this  manner. 

Hor.   Grata  Pyrrha  sub  antra 
Often  in  the  first  place  there  is  found  a  tro- 
chee in  place  of  a  spondee. 


•  N  THE  DIPMREI^T  KINDS  OF  rSRSB.         71 

Fhaleucic   or    Hendecasyl- 
labic. 

Phaleiicic  verse  or  Hendecasyllabic  from 
eleven  syllables  of  which  it  consists,  is  so  call- 
ed from  its  inventor  Phaleucus. 

Five  footed  verse  Phaleucics  boast, 
Resembling"  some  disordered  host; 
First  spondee  g'rave,  then  dactyl  lig"ht, 
While  triple  chorees  close  the  flight. 
Phaleucic   verse    consists   of  five    feet;    a 
spondee,  a  dactyl,  and  then  three  chorees. 

Mart.   Comniendo  tibi  Quintiane  nustros, 
Nosfros  dicere  si  tamen  libelhs 
Possum,  guos  recitat  tuus  Poeta. 
This  verse  now  and  then  takes  in  the  first 
place,  an  iambus  and  a  choree. 

Catul.  Arido  modo  pumice  expolitum, 
jyieas  esse  alt  quid  putare  nugas. 


^appliic  Verse. 

The  sapphic  vei'se  has  its  name  from  a 
youn^  poetess  called  Sappho;  it  is  also  term- 
ed Hendecasyllabic  verse. 

Mellifluent  Sappho's  verse  is  fixed 
A  choree  first,  then  spondee  next; 
A  dactyl  holds  the  golden  mean. 
Last,  are  two  closing  chorees  seen: 
The  gay  Adonic,  music's  soul. 
Crowns  with  its  melody  the  whole. 

Sapphic  verse  admits  five  feet  in  this  oi-der; 
SI  ehorec,  a  spondee,  a  dactyl,  and  then  two 


72        ON  TH£  DIFFERENT   Kl»S3  OF  TERSE. 

chorees;  with  every  third  verse  there  is  g"en- 
erally  connected  an  adonic,  which  consists  of 
a  dactyl  and  a  spondee. 


Hor-  Integer  vitas,  scelerisque  piirus 
Non  eget  Mauri  jaculis  nee  arcu, 
Nee  venenatis  gravida  sagitiis, 
F^isce,  pkarcli-a. 
Ca.tullus  has  sometimes  put  m  the   second 
place  another   trochee;  who  also  omits,  and 
that  not  rarely,  the  csesura  which  adds  beauty 
to  this  verse.     Seneca  takes  into  the  first  di- 
vision a  spondee,  a  dactyl  and  an  anapest,  in 
the  second  also  a  dactyl;  but"shun  the  practice. 


Moratiau  Verse. 

There  is  another  kind  of  verse  with  which 
Horace  was  so  much  delighted  that  he  is  be- 
lieved to  be  the  inventor  of  it. 


Acatalecfic    I>actyl-Alcaic 

Verse. 

In  foremost  place  alcaics  put 
A  spondee,  or  iambic  foot; 
But  in  the  second,  bear  in  mind. 
None  will  you  but  iambus  find; 
Then  comes  csesura,  slow  of  pace. 
And  occupies  the  middle  space; 
And  last  of  all  two  dactyls  see. 
That  trip  with  nimble  feet  so  free. 

The  alcaic  takes  in  the  first  place   an  iam- 
bus or  spondee;  in  the  second  an  iambus;  in 


ON  THE  DIFFERENT  KINDS  OF  VERSE.        73 

the  third  a  long-  caesura,  and  in  the  fifth  a  dac- 
tyl. 


In  each  strophe  the   first  two  consist  of  the 
same  feet  and  syllables. 

Hor.  Insigne  moestis  prassidium  rStSy 

Et  consulenti  Pollio,  curiae. 
Horace  in  this  verse,  Hinc  omne prhicipium, 
tuc  refer  exitxim,  resolves  the  long  syllable  of 
♦he  csesura  into  two  short  ones. 
Iambic  dimeter  succeeds; 
Here  spondee  or  iambus  leads. 
But  next  in  order  must  appear 
Iambus  to  this  verse  so  dear; 
Both  hold  place  thirdjthe  fourth  is  named, 
As  sacred  to  iambus  claimed. 
Last,  one  syllable's  unsocial  g-leam 
Shows,  lonely,  in  the  far  extreme. 
The  third  verse,  Archilochic  iambic,  which 
requires  an  iambus  in  the  first  and  third  places, 
or  a  spondee,  admits  only  an  iambus  in  the 
second  and  fourth  places;  and  finally  a  sylla- 
bic in  this  manner: 


Hor.  Cut  laurus  asternos  IidnHrBs. 
Fourthly,  dactyl-alcaic  feet 
We  find  are  quadruply  complete; 
Two  dactyls  here,  two  chorees  there, 
Each  line  to  balance,  pair  with  pair. 
The  fourth  verse  is  a  dactyl-alcaic,  taking", 
in  the  first  and  second  place,  a  dactyl,  in  the 
third  and  fourth,  a  choree. 
Dl 


74        ox  THE  DirrERESTT  K1>DS  OF  TERSE. 


Hor.  Dalmatico pSpSrit  triumphs. 

Of  these  four  consists  the  Horatian  verse, 
which  is  the  ode  tricoUc,  that  is,  consisting  of 
three  kinds  of  verses;  tetrastrophlc,  that  is, 
in  which  after  four  verses  there  is  a  return  to 
the  first. 

Hor.  Daninosa  quid  non  imminuit  dies? 
^^tas  parentmn  pejor  avis,  tulit 
JVos  nequiores,  mox  daturos 
Progeniem  vitiosorum.  * 

There  is,  besides,  another  kind  usual  witlz 
Horace,  that  is,  where  the  first  three  verses 
are  asclepiadlcs,the  fourth,  a  glyconic. 
This  kind  of  ode  is  called  dicolic  tetrastrophic. 

Hor.   Scriheris  vario  foriis,  ethostium 
Victor  3Iseonii  car  minis  alite,- 
Qiiam  rem  cumgue  ferox,  tiavibus  aut 

eguis 
MiUs  tt  duce  gesserit. 

There  is  also  another  kind  quite  frequent 
with  him,  where  the  first  two  verses  are  ascle- 
piadics;  the  third,  a  pherecratic,  the  fourth  a 
glyconic. 

Hor.    0  7iavis  referrerit  in  Mare  te  7iovi 

Fluctus,  0  quid  agisP  fortiter  occupa 
Portum,  ixonne  vides  ut 
2'y'udum  reniigio  latus? 


75 

Of  the  figures  that  have    a 
vie^v  to  the  measure  of 
Terse. 

SYNJERESIS. 

To  form  a  true  syneeresis 

Two  syllables  in  one  compress. 

Synseresis,  which  is  called  Episynalsephe,  is 
made  when  two  vowels  are  contracted  into 
one;  as,  Alvearia,  eadtm^  alveUi  eodem^  eosdem, 
aureis,  aurei,  denarii. 

Virg.  Scu  lento  ftxerint  alvearictvimine  texta. 

Virg.   Uno  eodemque  tulit  partu: 

Mart.  Denarhis  tribv^  invitas,  et  mane  toga- 
ium. 

Virg".    Unlus  oh  noxam  et  furias  Ajads  Oilei. 

Ovid.  Begenerasy  scclus  est  pietas  in  conjuge 
Tereo. 

In  this  kind  of  contraction  there  is  need  of 
selection  and  authority;  but  of  these  cui,  huic, 
Diiy  Diis,  iiy  iidem,  iisdem,  all  may  be  used. 

Also  of  the  adverbs  Deinde^  dein,  deinceps, 
dehinc;  and  of  the  verbs,  Deesf,  deerat,  deerant, 
deerit,  deerunt,  deese-^  and  those  that  are  com- 
pounded of  semi;  as,  semianimis,  semihomo. 

Ovid.  Juncta  palus  huic  est  densis  ohsessa  sa- 
lictis. 
Luc.  Iidem,  cum  fortes  animosprcccepta  suhissem. 

Stat.  DeMnc  sociare  choros,  castisque  accedere 
sacris. 

Mart.  Smt  Meccenates  non  deerunt,  Flacci 
Mar  ones 

Virg  Semihominis  Caci  fades  quam  dira  te- 
gehat. 

Anteamhulo,  antehac,  anteit,  have  a  view  to 
the  same,  and  others,  if  any  there  are. 


76  ON  THE  FIGURES  THAT  HAyE 

Mart.  Sum  comes  ipse  tuvs,  tumidiqiie  ante 
ambido  Regis. 

Luc,  Plnriinaque  humanis  antekac  incognila 
mensis. 

Vir.  Q,ui  candor e  nives  antierant^  cursibus  au-^ 
ras. 

DIJERESIS  OR  DIALYSIS. 
Dijeresis,  disunion's  friend, 
One  syllable  in  two  may  rend. 

Diaeresis  happens  when  one  syllable  is  di- 
vided into  two;  as,  Aurai,  a  trissyllable  for- 
the  dissylable  axirx;  sili'ia,  evol'iiam,  evoluisse, 
dissnliio,  ■persoluendus,  siiavis. 

Virg.  ^^thereum  sensinn,  utque  aurcii  simplicis 
igncm. 

Hor.  J\''ivesque  dtdv.cunt  Jovtm;  nunc  mare 
nunc  siluce. 

Ovid.  Dehv.cr  ant  fuses  evoliiisse  suos. 

SYNAL.EPHA. 

One  vowel  by  the  next  when  lopped, 
Is  by  the  synalaepha  cropped. 
Synalsepha  happens  when  a  vowel  or  diph- 
thong--of  a  preceding-  word  is  cut  off  by  a  fol- 
lowing- one,  and  in  a  manner  absorbed  by  it. 
Virg.    Conticucre    omnes,  intentique  ora  tene- 
haml. 

Virg.  DardanidcE  e  muris;  spes  addita  suscitat 
iras. 

ExcEPTio>'.  0  and  keu  with  a  vowel  or 
•diphthong- following",  remains  entire. 

Virg.  0  paler,  0  liominum  Divwnque  (tterna 
'potestas! 

Stat.  Heu,   ubi  siderei  vultus? 

Appendix  I.     Some  times  neither  the  vow- 


A  VIEW  TO  THE  MKASURE  OF  VERSE.         (7 

el  nor  diphthong  is  absorbed  by  the  following 
vowel. 

Virg.  Posthabita  cohdsse  Samo,  hie  illius  ar- 
ma. 

And  what  more  rarely  happens,  even  if  the 
vowel  is  short. 

Virg.  Et  vera  incessu  patuil  ilea;  ilk  uhl  ma- 
trem. 

Sometimes  a  long  vowel,  or  a  diphthongs 
becomes  short. 

Virg.  Insulce  lonio  in  magno;  quas  dira  Ce- 
Iceno. 

Virg.  Credimxis?  an  qui  amant,  ipsi  sibi  som~ 
nia  Jingunt? 

Appendix  II.  The  synalaepha  takes  place 
not  only  in  the  same  verse,  but  also  in  differ- 
ent ones. 

Virg.  Et  spiimas  miscent  argenti,  vivaque  sul- 
phur a, 

Ideasque  pices, 

Virg.  ignari  homintanque  locornmque 

Erramxis, 

In  these  and  similar  places  the  last  vowel 
of  the  preceding  verse  is  cut  off  and  absorbed 
by  the  first  of  the  following. 

ECLIPSIS. 
Eclipsis  happens  when  the  letter  M,  togeth- 
er with  a  vowel,  is  cut  off,   on  account   of  a 
following  vowel. 

Eclipsis  clips  the  M  away 
Before  a  vowel,  claimed  its  prey. 
Virg.  Italiam,  Italiam  primus  conclamat  A- 
chates. 

Pers.  0  curas  homintim!  0  quantum  est  in  re* 
bus  inane! 


78       ON  THK  riGrBES  THAT  HAVE 

Appendix  I.  The  ancients  preserved  the 
letter  31,  with  the  vowel  short. 

Ennius.  Insignitafere  turn  milia  militum  octo. 
The  eclipsis  has  place  also  in  different  ver- 
ses. 
Virg*  Jamque  iter  immensi,  turres  ac  tecta  La- 
tinorum, 
Ardua  cer7iehant  juvenes,  murosque  sub- 
ibant. 
Appendix   II.      The  ancient  poets  every- 
where cut  off  the  letter. 

Ennius.  Vicimus,  0  socii,  et  magnam  pugnu- 
vimxis  pugnam. 

SYSTOLE. 

Nor  place,  nor  nature  gives  relief^ 
To  syllables  by  Systole  brief. 

The  systole  happens  when  a  syllable  by  na- 
ture long",  is  made  short. 

Virg.   Obshipui  steteriint  comce, — 

Sil.  Torruerunt  pavidos  accensu  Ceraunia 
nautas. 

Or  long  by  position,  but  thrown  out  by  an- 
other consonant;  as,  obicis,  for  ohjicis;  abici, 
for  abjici;  reicit  for  rejicit. 

Luc.  Cur  obicis  magno  twnulwn  manesque  va- 
gantes. 

Ovid.  Turpe  putas  abici,  quod  sim  miserandus 
amicis. 

Stat.  Tela  manu  reicilqiie  canes  i?i  vulnus  hi- 
ajites. 

ECTASIS,  OR  DIASTOLE. 
Short  vowels  Ectasis  extends, 
And  doubling  consonants  commends. 

Ectasis  happens,  either  when  a  syllable,  na- 


A  TIEW  TO  THE  MEASURE  OF  TERSE.   79 

turally  short,  is  merely  lengthened;  which  by 
the  poets  is  sometimes  done,  compelled  by  the 
necessity  of  the  measure,  especially  in  proper 
names,  which  cannot  otherwise  be  connected 
in  verse. 

Virg.  Mque  hie  Priamiden  lanialum  cor  pore 
toto. 

Prop.  Et  domiis  intadce  te  Iremit  Jlruhm. 

Virg.  Italiam  fato  profugus  Lavinaque  venit 
Littora. 

Or  when  the  same  consonant  is  doubled  ^  as, 
Relligio,  relliquise,  repperit,  rettulit,  reppulit. 
Horace  has  said  redducere  for  reducere. 

Virg.  ReUigione  patrum  midtos  servala  per 
annas. 

Virg.  Troas  relliquias  Danaum^  atque  immilis 
JlchilUi. 

Virg.  Vir  honus  ei  sapiens  qualem  vix  repperit 
wium. 

Hor.  ReUidit  acceptos  regale  munissima  Phi'- 
lippos. 

Luc.  Reppulerit  Lyhicis  immensiim,  Syrtibus 
aqiior. 

Hor*  Dii  tibi  dent  capta  classeni  redducere 
Troja. 

Of  the  Uletaplasiii,  and  cer- 
tain figures  ojf  Poets. 

It  is  peculiar  to  the  poets  also  sometimes 
by  adding  or  diminishing,  to  modify  words 
which  the  orators  use,  sometimes  to  change 
certain  letters  for  others;  sometimes  to  trans- 
fer them  from  their  appropriate  place  to  an- 
other; and  though  in  prose  this  is  a  fault,  and 


80  ON  POETIC  FIGURES. 

stlled  a  barbarism,  still  in  verse  it  is  not  call- 
ed a  barbarism,  but  metaplasm:  this  is  a  liber- 
ty that  is  granted  to  poets,  because,  for  the 
most  part,  they  are  oljlig-ed  to  subserve  the 
measure.  It  is  called  metaplasm  because  the 
ancient  form  of  words  either  through  the  ne- 
cessity of  metre,  or  for  the  sake  of  ornament- 
ing the  poem,  is  changed  by  the  poets  into  a 
new  form  and  appearance  of  speech. 

PHOTHESIS  AXD  APH^RESIS. 

To  words  Prothesisadds,  we  say, 
Aphxresis  takes  part  away. 
A  letter  or  syllable  added  in  the  beginning 
of  a  word,  is  called  a  pro  thesis;  as,  Gnaiiis. 
for  natus. 

A  letter  or  a  syllable  taken  away  from  the 
beginingofa  word,  is  called  aphjeresis;  as, 
Ruo,  for  eruo;  temno,  for  contemno;  pefo,  for 
expeto. 

Virg. dabit  ille  ruinas 

^^rboribus,  strugemque  satis,  met  omnia 
late. 

EPENTHESIS  axd  SYNCOPE. 

In  words  Epenthesis  inserts, 
A  rule  that  Syncope  inverts. 

Epenthesis  happens  when  a  letter  or  sylla- 
ble is  inserted  in  the  middle  of  a  word;  as, 
Relliquias,  for  reliquias;  •Mavars,  for  Mars,- 
navita,  for  nauta,-  induperaior,  for  imperator,- 
ctncfuius  for  cinctus. 

Virg.  Trons  relliquias  DanaiLtn,  atque  immitis 
^^cchillei. 

Virg.  Fecerat  et  riridi  feram  Marortis  in  antro. 


ox  POETIC   FIGUHES.  81 

Ovid.  Quod  tibi  cum  gludio!  dubiam  rege  na- 
vila  pvppim. 

Syncope  takes  a  letter  or  syllable  from  the 
middle  of  a  word;  as,  Guberntido,  fov  guher- 
naculo;  pertdis,  for  per  milis;  vixet,  for  vix  is - 
set,-  ext'mxtm,  for  extinxissem,-  JDivum  for  Di- 
tor  urn. 

Virg.  Cumque  gubernuclo  Hquidas  projecil  in 
undas. 

Virg.  Deseris;  heu  tantis  nequidquam  ereple 
pertdis, 

Virg.  ilxet,  cui  vitam  Deus  aut  sua  dfxlra 
dedisset. 

Virg.  nntumque  patremque 

Cum  genet e  extinxem,  memd  super  ipsa 
dedissem. 

PARAGOGE  AND  APOCOPE. 
Suffixes  Paragoge  loves. 
Finals  Apocope  removes. 

Paragoge  happens  when  something  is  suffix- 
ed to  the  last  syllabic;  diS,  Deludiery  fovddu- 
di;  admittier  ?o\'  admit ti. 

Terent.  Ubivls  fadlius  pnssvs  sim,  quam  in 
hac  re  me  dehidier. 

Virg.  admittier  alacres  orant. 

Apocope  takes  something  from  the  end  of 
a  word;  as,  Ttigurl,  for  Tugurii;  oti,  fov  otii. 

Virg.  Pauperis  et  tugurt  congestum  cespite 
culmen. 

Virg.  Parthenope,  studiis  florenlem  ignobilis 
oiu 

TMESIS. 
Tmesis  divides  a  word,  *tis  seeui, 
Another  to  insert  between, 
1)2 


82  ON  POETIC  FIGURES. 

Tmesis  divides  a  word  by  another  placed 
between 5  as,  Lique  ligatus  for  illigatusque; 
■qui  te  ctmque,  for  qmcumque  te,-  inque  saluta- 
tus  for  insalutatusque. 

Virg.  Ille  pedem  referens,  et  iniUilis,  inque  /i- 
gatiis. 

Virg.  Inque  salutatum  linque, 

Virg.  Qui  te  cunque  manent  esto  certamine  ca- 
sus, 

ANTITHESIS  and  METATHESIS. 

Antithesis  beyond  dispute, 
This  letter  may  for  that  commute; 
So  may  Metathesis  new  mould 
The  order  that  the  letters  hold. 

Antithesis  is  the  change  of  a  letter;  as,  olli, 
for  illi, 

Virg.  Olli  ectruleus  siipra  caput  adstitil  imber. 

Metathesis  changes  the  order  of  letters; 
as,  Thymhre  for  Thymher. 

Virg.  J^am  t'lbl  Thymbre,  caput  Evandrius  o&- 
stulit  ensis. 

Unless  one  supposes  that  T/iymber  and 
Thy mbni s  a.ve  in  the  nominative;  as,  Evander 
And  Evdndrus. 

— =oi©I4>I©lc=-- 

Of  the  Caeswva. 

IF  feet,  especially  of  heroic  verse,  consisted 
of  single  words,  verse  would  be  rendered  flat 
and  insipid;  though  in  anapastics  it  is  agree- 
able. 

Aurea  scrihis  carmina,  Juli  maxime  vaiunif 


OS  POETIC  FiGrnis.  63 

On  the  contrary,  if  words  are  divided  so 
Ihat  by  a  mutual  connexion,  some  feet  depend 
upon  others,  verse  is  rendered  extremely 
pleasing". 

Virg-.  Semper  honos  nomenque  tuum  laxides- 
que  manehimt. 

Virg".  Non  ignara  mali  miseris  succurrere 
disco. 

The  syllable  that  is  cut  off  from  a  word, 
and  remains  after  any  complete  foot,  is  com- 
monly called  a  Csesura,-  the  force  ot  which 
is  so  great  that  by  means  of  it  a  short  syllable 
is  lengthened,  since  it  is  a  certain  time  latent 
in  the  very  division  of  words;  for  whilst  we 
delay  and  pass  on  to  another,  we  gain  an  in- 
terval and  space. 

There  are  four  sorts  of  Csesura. — TViemime- 
ris;  when  after  the  first  foot  there  remains  a 
syllable  which  finishes  the  verse. 

Virg.  Pectoribus  inhians  spirantia  consulit 
exta. 

Fenthemwieris;  when  the  same  happens  af- 
ter t\vo  feet. 

Virg.  Emicat  EurialuSy  et  munere  victor  a- 
mici. 

Hepihemimeris;  when  after  three  feet. 

Virg.  Una  eademque  una  sanguis  animiiS" 
qxie  sequuntur. 

Eneemimcris;  when  after  four. 

Virg.  Graius  ho7no  infectos  linquens  profu' 
gus  Hymenseos. 

You  see  that  the  syllables,  naturally  short 
kfter  the  first,  second,  third  and  fourth  foot, 
«re  made  long;  the  advantage  of  the   csesura, 


84  ox  PATRONYMIC  N0TJK5. 

Of  Poetic  Alords. 

with  the  license  of  words  the  poets  are 
much  more  free  than  the  orators;  in  the  dili- 
gent and  accurate  reading  of  them,  those  who 
are  devoted  to  poetry  must  carefully  observe 
not  only  the  words,but  also  the  ornamentSi 

— ==31®1«I©IC==- 

Of  Fatroiiyiiiic  JVoims. 

Appropriate  also  to  the  poets  are  words 
which  by  grammarians  are  called  patronymics, 
because  they  are  formed  from  the  names  of 
forefathers  or  ancestors,  and  signify  a  son  or 
daughter,  a  grandson  or  granddaughter,  or 
some  one  of  posterity :  they  are  made  gener- 
ally from  Greek  nouns,  and  end  in  des,  or  as, 
is,  or  ne.  The  first  of  these  are  masculine, 
and  of  the  first  declension;  as,  Pelides;  Achil' 
les,  the  son  of  Feleus. 

Ovid.  Pelides  utinam  vitasset  Apollinis  arcus. 

^^acides;  Achilles,  the  grandson  of  Maeus. 

Virg.  Sasvus  uhi  ^^acidse  telojacet  Hector. 

JEacides;  Pyrrhiis,  king  of  the  Epirotes,de- 
scended  from  31acus. 

Virg.  Ipsumque  ^^acidem  genus  armipoten- 
iisyichillei. 

The  rest  are  feminine,  and  of  the  third  de- 
clension, except  the  last,  which  are  of  the 
second  of  the  Greeks;  as,  Thaumantias;  Iris, 
the  daughter  of  Thaumantis. 

Virg.  .id  quern  sic  rosea  Thaumantias  ore  lo- 

lia-st. 


ox  PATK05YMTC  KOUNS.  85 

JEoUs;  Jllcycnet  the  daughter  ot  JEolus. 

Ovid.  Molis  in  terra  tantorum  ignara  malo- 
rum. 

JVerine,  Nerines;  Galatea^  the  daughter  of 
Nereus. 

Virg.  Neriney  Galatea^  &c. 

Appestdix.  I.  Patronymics  are  derived  not 
only  from  fathers,  grandfathers,  great  gand- 
fathers,  he.  and  other  ancestors,  but  also  from 
mothers;  as,  Iliades;  Romulus,  from  Ilia,- 
Phylirides;  Chiron,  the  Centaur  from  Phyli- 
ra;  Laiois-idls  or  idos;  Diana,  from  x»rce,  that 
is,  Latona. 

Ovid.  Invadunt,  portxisque  petunt,  quas  dbice 
fir  mo. 
Clauserat  Iliades. 

Ovid.  Fhilirides  ptcerum  clthara  perfecit  A- 
chillem. 

Ovid.  Fraeteritas  cessisseferunt  Laloidos  iras. 

Also  from  brothers;  as,  Phaethontias,  the 
sisters  o£Pha'eto7i. 

Virg.  Tum  Phaethontiades  musco  circumdat 
amara  Corticis.  

From  kings  and  founders;  as,  " Romxdidse., 
Romans,  from  Romulus;  Dardanidae,  Trojans^ 
from  Bardanus;  Cecropidw;  Athenians,  from 
Cecrops;  also  Thesidse;  from  Theseus. 

Perseus.  Inter pocula  quaerunt, 

Romulidae  saturi,  quid  diapoemata  narrent, 

Virg.  Dardaninx  magni,  genus  alto  a  san^ 
guine  Divum. 

Ovid.  Cecropidas  duxif. 


86  ON  PATROXTMIC   NOUNS. 

Virg.  Praemiaque  ingentes  pagos  et  compitd 
clrciimy 
Thesidas  posuere. 

Appendix  II.  Many  words  are  formed 
from  regions,  cities,  mountains,  rivers  and  o- 
ther  things;  which  have  indeed  the  patrony- 
mic form,  but  in  fact  are  Gentiles,  or  are  put 
for  possessives  and  adjectives;  as,  Asis,  Li- 
hystis,  Sithonis,  Thessalis,  Sido7iis:  Ilias,  Tro- 
as:  ErymanthiSf  Manalis,  Fieris,  Triionis, 
Fegasis,  JPhasis. 

Ovid.  JEgeas  metiris  aquas,  et  in  Aside  terra 
Msenia  coiistituis. 

Virg.  Horridus  in  jaculis,  et  pelle  Libysiidis 
UfS3e. 

Ovid.  Nee  vehit  Adaeas  Sithonis  unda  rates- 

Virg.  Interea  ad  templum  noii  sequae  Palla- 
dis  ikanf. 

Crinibns  Jliades passis. 

Ovid.  Troades  exdamant,  obiumuit  ille  do- 
lor e. 

Ovid.  Cumque  truci  Borea  Maenalis  ursa  vi- 
det. 

Ovid.  Pegasus  CEone  Phrygiis  cekberrima 
sylvis. 

Ovid.  Credulus  immerita  Phasida fovet  ope^ 

THE  END. 


THE 

LATIN  RULES 

OF  ALVAREZ. 


(5)     Primum  de  vocali  ante  vocalem. 
Vocalem  breviant  aliasubeunte  Latini. 
Produc  (ni  sequituri?)  Fio  et  nomine  quintae, 
Quse  geminos  casus  E  long-o  assumit  in  Ei: 
Verum  E  corripiunt  Fideique,  sptique,  rSique, 
/f/S' commune  est  Vati:  producito  alius: 
Altefius  brevia:  Pompti  et  csetera  produc, 
Protrahiturque  Ehexi;  sed  16  variatur  et  Ohe, 
Nomina  Grsecorum  certa  sine   lege  vagantur, 
Quaedam  etenim  longis;  ceu  Z)Za,  Chorea  Ph' 

tea; 
Quxdam  etiam  brevibus,  veluti  Symphonia, 

gaudent. 

(S)     De  Diphthovgis. 
Dipthongus  longa  est  in  Graecis  atque  Latinis. 
Prse  br?evis  est,  si  compositum  vocalibus  anteit> 

(9)     De    Posilione. 
Vocalis  longa  est,  si  consona  bina  sequatur, 
Aut  duplex,  aut  I  vocalibus  interjectum. 

(10)     Exceptio   II.  de  Liquescenlibus. 
Si  mutam  liquidaraque  simul  brevis  una  prsei- 

vit; 
Conti-ahit  Orator,  variant  in  carmine  Yates: 
Sed  si  longa  praeit  semper  tibi  longa  manebit. 
Quae  neque  longa  brevis  naluni  dicitur  anceps. 


S8 


rHE  LATIK  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ. 


(12)  De  prmteritis  Dissyllubis. 
Prseteritaassamunt  primam  dissyllaba  long-am. 
Sto,  do,  scindo,  fero,  rapiunt  bibo,  findo  pr'iores. 

( 1 3)  De  prceleritls  geminanlibus  primam  Syllabam. 
Praetei'itum    geminans  prirham,    breviabit   u- 

tramque: 
Vt pario,  p^ptri;  vetet  id  nisi  consona  bina: 
Caedo  cecidit  habet,  long-a,  ceu  pedo,  secunda. 

(13)  De  Supinis  Dissyllabis. 
Cuncta  supina  volunt  primam  disyllaba  Ion- 
gam: 

At  JReoVi  el  Cieo,  Scro,  et  Ire,  Sinoq,-  Linoq,- 
Do,  Queo,  elovinRuo,  breviabunt  rite  prlores. 

(16)     De  Supinis  Pohjsyllabis. 
UTUM  pvodvLcnnt  polysyllaba  cuncta  supina. 
/F/Proeterito  semper  producitur  ITUM. 
"Csetera  corripias  in  Itum  quoecunque  supina. 

(17)     De  Derivalivis. 
Derivata.  Patris  naturam  verba  sequuntur; 
Mobilis  et  fames,  Latei-na  ac  rcgula  sedes. 
Quamquam   orta  e  brevibus,  gaudent  produ- 

cere  primam. 
Corripiuhtur  Arista,  vadum,  sopor,  atque  Lu- 

cerna. 
Kata  licet  longis:  usus  te  plura  docebit, 

(IS)     De  Compositione. 

Legem  simplicium  retinent  composta  suorum^ 

Yocalem  licet  aut  diphthongum  syllaba  mutet. 

Drjcro   corripies,  cum  ptejevo  et  hmubti,  nee 

non 

.onuha^futkhi'inn  et  socios  cum  semisbpltn^ 


THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ.       Hd 

Queis  etiam   nifdhniy   cum  cogniius,   agn^tus 

haerent. 
I.onga  imhBcillus  verbumque  ambitus  amabit 

(20)    De  Prcepositlonum  Compositione. 
Longa  J,  DE,  E,  SE,  DI,  proeter  Dirimo  at- 

que  disertus. 
Sit  RE  breve;  at  refert  a  res  producito  sem- 
per. 
Corripe  PRO   Grsecum,  sed  produc  rite  La- 

tinum. 
Contraneque  Fundus,  fugio,  nept'isquc  nepos- 

que. 
'EXfesius,  fori,  fateor,  fanumque  crearunt: 
Hisce   profedu   addes,    pariterque   procellay 

protervns. 
Atque  propago  genus,  propago  protrahe  vitis. 
Propino  varia,  verbum  propago,  profunda; 
Propulso,  procurro,propellu,  Proserpina ]unge- 
Corripe  JB  et  reliquas,  obstet   nisi   consona 

bina. 

(22)    De  Jl,  £,  /,  F  et  0,  in  Compositione. 
Produc  ^  semper,  composti  parte  priore: 
Ac  simul  E,  simul/,  ferme  breviare  memento. 
Nsquidquam    produc,    Nequando,    VenlJicGi 

Nequam. 
NBquaquam.  nSqUis  soclosque  videlicet  addcs. 
Idem  masculeum  produc,  et  Siquis,  Ibidem, 
Scilicet,  et  bigse,  tiblcen,  uhtque,  quadrlgse^ 
Blmus,  tantldem,  qu'idam  et  composta  Diet. 

(24)     De  0  in  Compositione. 
Grsecum  O  {mm^cv)    prima  composti  corripe 

parte; 
n  (xMsTst)  produces,  partem  dum  daudit  ean-- 

demv 


90      THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ. 

(25) 
0  Latiniim  in  variis  breviat  vel  protraliit  usus. 

(26) 
Casibus  obliquis  vlx  cresc'it  prima.     Secunda 
Corripit  incrementa,  tamen  produclt  IbSri. 

(25)     A. 

Nominis  A  crescens,  quod  ftectit  tertia,  Ion- 
gum  est; 

Mascula  corripies  AJR,  AL^  finita;  simulque 

Par  cum  compositis  Hepar^  cum  Nedare.  Bac- 
char,- 

Cum  Vade,  Mas,  et  Anas,  cui  junge  Larem- 
que,  Juharque. 

(27)     A,  AS. 
A  quoque  et  AS  Grsecum  breve  postulat  in- 

crementum; 
S  quoque  finitum,  si  consona  ponitur  ante? 
Et  Dropax,   Anthrax^    Atrax;  cum  Smilace, 

Climax; 
His  Atacem,  Pandcem,  Coldcem,  Styrdcemque, 

Facemque, 
Atque  Abacem,  Cordcem,  Fhylacem,  compos- 

taque;  nectes, 
Adde  Harpax,  Syphdcisque,  tamen  die  atque 

Syphdcis. 

(28)     E. 

E  crescens  Nuntero  breviabit  tertia  prime. 

Praeter  Iber  Patriosque  enis  (sed  contrahit  Hy- 
men.') 

Fer,  mamues,  locuples,  haeres,  mercesq,-  quiesq,- 

Lex,  vervex,pr3es,fxx,  seps,pkbs,  rex,  insuper 
halec. 

El  peregrinum,  Es,  Er;  Graecum,  ^^there  et 
Aere  demptis. 


THE  LATIK  RULES  OP  ALVAREZ.       9l 

(29)     I  vel  Y. 
/crescens  Numero  breviabittertia  prlmo: 
Grccca  sed  in  patrio  casu  Inxs  et    Ynis  adop- 

tant. 
Et  Lis^  GliSy  Samnis,  Dis,  Gryps,   Nisisque^ 

Quirisq; 
Cum  FzZ>ice,simulIonga  incrementa  reposcunt. 

(30)     IXvelYX. 
IX  vel  YXpvodxic-y  breviato  Hisiricc  cum  Foi'- 

nice,  varix; 
Coxendix,    Choenixq,-  Cilix,  Natrixq;   Calixq,' 
Pliryxque,  Larix  et  Onyx,  Pix,  JS%xque,  Salixq; 

Filixque, 
Maslicis  his  ei  Eryx ,  Calycisq;  et  Jap j/gts  a ddes 
ii^useque  ultra   iiivenias:  Bebryx  variare  me- 
mento. 

(31)  0.  ' 
0  crescens  numero  producimus  usq;  priore. 
0  parvum  in  Graecis  brevia;  producito   mag- 
num. 

Ausonius  genitivus  Oris,  quern  neuira  dedere. 
Corripitur:  propria  huic  junges  ul  J^estor  et 

Hector, 
Os  oris  mediosq;  gradus  extende;  sed  Arhos, 
:ts?  composta;    Lepus;  memor  e{  bos,  compos  et 

impos, 
Corripe  Cappadocem,  Allobrogem,  cum  Proscdce 

et  06s,  Ops. 
Verum  produces  Cercops,  Hydropsq;  Cyclopsq. 

(32)  U.  ~ 
r/"  brevia  incrementa  feret:  sed  casus  in  Lris, 
Vdis  et  Utis  ab  Us  Recto  producitur;  et  Fur, 
Lux,  Pollux.     Brev'ia.  Intercusqiie,  Pecusqueo 

Ltgusque. 


92       THE  LATIM  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ. 
(33)  A,   E,    0,  J,    V. 

Pluralis  casus,  si  crescit,  protrahit  .S,  E, 
Atque  Of  Corripies  /j  Uy  verum  excipe  bubus. 

(35)  De  Incremento  Verborum  per  A. 

A  crescens  produc;  Do  incremento  excipe 
primo. 

(36)  De  Incremento  Verb orwn  per  E. 

E  quoque  producunt  verba  increscentia;  va- 
rum 

Prima £'corripiunt  ante  7?duotempora  Ternse. 

Die  Btris  atque  Btre,-  at  Rtris  producito  rere. 

Sit  brevis  E,  quando  Ram,  Bim,  Bo  adjuncta 
sequuntur. 

Corripit  interdum  StetSrunt,  Dedtrunlque  Po- 
eta. 

(37)  De  Incrementis  Verborum  per  I. 
Corripit  /crescens  verbum:  sed  deme    VeU- 

mus. 
NollmuSf    Slmus,  quseque  hinc  composta  da- 

buntur; 
IFI  praeteritum,   prresens  quartx   IMUS  et 

ITIS. 
BI  Conjunctivum  possunt  variare  Poetae. 

(39)  De  Incremento  Verborum  per  0  et  U, 
O  ineremenlum  produc,  fcorripe  semper. 
?7fit  in  extremo  penuliiraa  longa  fuluro. 


(40)     »4,  in  fine. 
A  finita  date  longis.     lid,  Posted  deme, 
£ic,  quia,  et  casus  omne?:  sed  protrahe  sex- 

lum; 
1f*roductos  Grcecos  casus  adjunge  vocandi. 


THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ.  93 

(41)  £,  in  fine. 

E  brevia;  Primae  Quintaeque  vocabula  produc: 
Cete,  Ohe,  Temjie,  Fermeq,-  Fereq;  Fameq, 
Adde  Doce,  similemque  modum,  monosyllaba, 

p  raster 
Encliticas  ac  syllabicas:  nee  non  {male  dempto 
Ac  bene)  produces  adverbia  cuncta  secundae. 

(42)  /,  in  fine, 

I  produc,    brevia,  nisi  cum  quasi   Grsecaque 

cuncta. 
Jure  mihi  variare  Tibiquey  Sibique  solemus. 
Sed  mage  corripies  Ibi,  Ubi;  dissyllabon  et  cuiy 
Sicuii  sed  breviant,  cum  Necubi,  Sicubi  Vates. 

(43)  0,  in  fine. 

0  datur  ambiguis,  Grseca  et  monosyllaba  lon- 

gis; 
Ergo  pro  causa;  Ternus,  sextusque  secundaei 
Atque  .Meb  ac  Ideb;  adde  adverbia  nomine 

nata; 
Sed  Citb  corripies  modoq;  et  sciof  nescio,  et 

iillOy 

Et  duo:  sit  varlum  serb  et  conjunctio  verb. 

. ■ — — • — ■ r^3 

(45)     U,  B,  T,  D. 
^semper  produc.  B,  T,  D,  corripe  sempep, 

(45)     C,  Z,  My  in  fine, 
Clongum  est.     Varium  ZTic  pronomen;  coXf 

ripe  Donee, 
Et  Nec;  fac,  pariter  malunt  breviare  Poetae. 

""  (46)     L.  ' 

Corripe  L,  at  produc  sd/,  sol,  nil  multaque 
Hebraea. 


94       THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ. 

(46)     M. 
J\I  vorat  Eclipsis:  prisci  breviare  solebant. 

(47)     JY,  in  fine. 
A'longam  est  Grsecis  pariter,  pariterque  La- 

tinis. 
^iV^brevia,  quod  formant/iVJS  breve;  Graeca 

secundae 
Junglmus,  et  quartum,    si  sit  brevis  ultima 

recti. 
Forsxtan,  in,  forsan,  tamen,  an,  viden*  adjice 

Curtis. 

(48)     R,  in  fine. 
B  breve;  sed  longum  est  Fur,  par  cum  pigno- 

re,  Lar,  J<far, 
Cur,  Far  cum  Graecis  queis  patrius  Eris  et  ^- 

thEr. 
*BBr,  Vtr,  et  Iber,  mage  Cor  breve,    Celtiber 

ancepp. 

(49)  ^S,  in  fine. 
^sproduc.  Quarium  Graecorum  lertia  casum, 
Corripit;  et  Rectum,  per  adis  si  patrius  exit. 

(50)  ES  in  fine. 

Es  dabitur  longis;  breviat  sed  tertia  rectum 
Cum  Patrii  brevis  est  crescens  pemiltima.  Fes 

hinc 
Excipitur  FaHEs,  dries,  dbiesque,   Ceresque, 
Corripe  et  Es  de  Sum,  penSs  ct  nutralia  Grae- 
ca. 
His  quint  um  et  rectum   numeri  dent  Graeca 
secundi. 

(52)     IS  velYSinfine. 
Corripies /*S^et  YS:  Plurales  excipe  casus: 
Gils,  sis,  VIS  vcrbum  ac  nomen,  nolisq,-  velisq.- 


THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ.  93 

Audis  cum  soclis,  quorum  et  genkivus  in  iniSf 
Entis  ve,  aut  itis  longum,  producito  semper. 

(53)  OS,  in  fine. 

Vult  Os  produci:  compos  breviatur  et  impo*, 
Osq;  ossis,   Graecorum  et  neutra:  his   cuncta 

secundae 
Ad  dicta  Ausonidum  junges,  patriosq;  Pelagos 

(54)  VS,  in  fine. 

Us  breve  ponatur;  produc  monosyllaba  quse- 

que 
Casibus  increscunt  longis  et  nomina  Quarta3, 
(Exceptis   recto  et  quinto)  et  quibus  exit  in 

UNTIS 
Patrius?  et  conflataa  lis?  contractaque  Greeca 
In  recto  ac  patrio,  et  venerandum  nomen  IE- 

sus. 

(56)     Praceptwn  Primiim. 
Correpta  Ausonii  quaedam  monosyllaba  vates 
Nonnunquam  extendunt,  Graecorum  exempla 


(66)    Prceceptum  Secundum. 
Syllaba  cujusvis  erit  ultima  carininis  anceps. 

(59)     Carmen  Hexametrum  sive  Heroicum. 
Sex  pedibus  constant  Heroum  carmina:  quin- 

tus 
Dactylus  esse  solet;  spondaeus  in  ordine  sextus: 
Quatuor  ac  reliqui  similes  hinc  inde  locantur? 
Et  quintum  admisit  rerum  gravitas  spondaeum. 

(61)     Carmen  Pentametrum. 
Pentametro  sunt  quinque  pedes,   Spondaeus 

et  alter 
Dactylus;  arbitrio  Vates  duo  prima  tenebant. 


96  THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ. 

Longa  subit  Csesura;  tenet  loca  proxima  du- 
plex 
Dactylus,  ac  tandem  metrum  Caesura  coronat. 

(63)     Carmen  lamhictim  triinelrwn  et  dimelrum. 
Slve  fluantseno  pede  lambica,  sive  quaterno, 
In  reg-ione  pari  semper  domiwatur  Iambus. 
Dactylus  et  Spondaeus  amant  in  sedibus  esse 
Imparibus:  gaudent   Anapaestus,  Iambus  iis- 

dem. 
Absit  ab  extremo  Tribrachys,  sit  caetera  liber. 

(64)  Scazon  sive  Choliambus. 
Turba  pedum  trimetri  placuit  Scazontibus  oris, 
Uuatuor  in  primis:  pes  ordine  quintus  Iambus 
Semper   erit:  Spondaeus  amat   loca  sexta  su- 

premus. 

(65)  Carmen  Anacreantceum. 
Anacreontsei  non  parva  est  gratia  versus, 
Syllaba  post  ternos  metrum  cui  claudit  lambos, 
Nee  tribrachyn,  Spondaeum,  Anapaestum  pri- 
ma repusat. 

(66)      T^ersxcs  Trochaicus. 
Septenis  pedibus  prodire  Trochaicus  ambit. 
Sedibus  ioaparibus  Tribrachyn  vel  pone  Tro- 

chaeum. 
Liber  uterque  aliis:  Tribrachyn  solo  exirae 

fine; 
Dactylon   et  Tribrachyn,  Proceleusmaticon, 

Spondffion, 
Teque  Anapaeste,  pariregione,  locarieroptat; 
Saepe  sed  octavo  pede  debilis  ire  jubetur. 


iHE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALVAREZ.       97 

(67)     Carmen  Anapaestum. 
liuatuorex  pedibusAnapaesiica  carmine  finge: 
Qua  regione  velis,  princeps  Anapaestus  liabe- 

tur. 
Spondaeus  permistus  huic  et  Dactylus  esto. 
Dactylus  exul  erit  quartasede,  atq;  secunda. 

(68)     Carmen  Glycmium. 
Omnia  spondaeo  prseeunte  Gl}conia  constant 
Carolina;  turn  dupliceni  sedem  sibi  Dactylus 
optat. 

(69)     Asdep'iadum  sive  Choriambum. 

Metrum  Asclepiadis,  Spondaeus,  Dact)  lus  or- 
nant, 

Longaque  caesura:  exin  Dactylus  ordme  du- 
plex. 

(70)     Pherecratium. 
Quando  Pherecratio  vis  ludere  carmine,  binos 
Inicr  Spondsbos  medius  tibi  Dad}  lus  esto. 

(71)     Phaleuciwn  sive  Hendecasyllabti7n. 
Metra  pedes  moveant  quinos  numerosa  Pha- 

leuci: 
Spondaeum  subeat  pes  Dactylus;  inde  sequa- 

tur 
Ordine  perpetuo  triplicis  mensura  Chorei. 


(71)     Sapphicum  Carmen. 
Sapphica  plectra  movens   tribuat  loca  prima 

Choreo. 
Spondaeo  cedant  loca  proxima;  tertius  esto 
Dact\  lus,  hunc  subcal  duplex  in  fine  Clioreus: 
Singula  post  ternos  subdautur  Adonica  versus 


98      THE  LATIN  RULES  OF  ALtAREZ. 

(72)     ^^Icaicxim   dactvlicvm  aca*rthdum. 

Alcaici  loca  prima  tenent  Spondaens,  Iambus, 

Vatis  ad  arbltrium;  sed  Iambus  sede  secunda: 

Dein  caesura;  duo  hinc  geminus  loca  dactylus 

ambit. 

(73) 
Prox'mus  est  dimeter  perfectns  Tambicus,  ora 
In  nrima  ac  terna  resident  Snondaeus,  Iambus, 
Ad  libitum,  sed  Ta    bii«  inest  parte  secunda 
Solus,  etin  quarta;  dabit  unica  syllaba.finem. 


Dactvlicus  tandem  Alcaicus  subitordine  quar- 

tus 
Quatuor  ex  pedibus  constans;  loca  Dactylus 

ornat 
Duplex  prima  duo;  sed  proxima  bina  Choreus. 

(75)     Synctrefns. 
Syllaba  de  g-emina  facta  una  Svnaeresis  esto. 

(76^      D'(pre<ii<i  ^ire    Dinlyis 
Distrahit  in  g'eminas  resoluta  Diaeresis  unam. 


Dipbtbonenim  aut  vocalem   hauri*  Synaloepha 
priorem. 

C77>      rr/?p.«'s. 
M  vnrat  Fxlipsis,  quoties  vocalibus  anteit. 

Systole  praecipitat  positu  vel  origme  longum. 


THE  LATIN  RULES  OP  ALVAREZ.       B9 

(7»)     Edam,  sire  D  astole- 
Ectasis  extenditquc  brevem,  dupHcatque  ele- 
mentum 

(80)     Prothem  et  .ftvhxzresh 

Principinm  apponit  Prothesis,  quod  Aphaere- 
sis  aufert. 

(^0)      Eppnthens  et  Ss^incnpe. 
Syncope  de  medio  tollit,  quod  Epenthesis  ad- 
dit. 

(81)     Parasose  et  Jlpocope. 
Apocope  demit  finem,  quern  dat  Paragog-e. 

CSI)     Tmesis. 
Per  Tmesim  inseritur  medio  vox  altera  vocis; 
Ut,  Scythiae  reg'w  septem  suhjeda  fr  oni. 

(82)     JlntMhesh  et  M  tathesis 
Litera  virtute  Antithesis  mntatur;  ut  OlU. 
Sed  cum  transfertur,  ceu    Thymhre  Metathe- 
sis esto. 


This  hook  is  DUB  on  the  last 
date  stamped  below 


DEC  6     1956 


000  000  509 


PA 

2351 
A47dE 
1833 


*4  ^ 


m 


